<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merculief, Alexis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McClelland, Megan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foster, Stephanie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geldhof, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipscomb, Shannon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Kim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kile, Molly L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic and racial-ethnic disparities in flame retardant exposure and executive function skills in preschool children.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Health</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Health</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Sectional Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Exposure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Pollutants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ethnicity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Executive Function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flame Retardants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oregon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organophosphates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025 Jul 08</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/strong&gt;Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are commonly used as flame retardants. Limited research exists on socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in exposure to these compounds and their impact on executive functioning (EF) in early childhood. The present study examined independent and joint effects of income and race/ethnicity on flame retardant exposure in early childhood and investigated associations between flame retardant exposure and children&#039;s EF.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;METHODS: &lt;/strong&gt;This cross-sectional study used data from 349 preschool children recruited in Oregon. Children wore silicone wristband samplers for seven days, with exposures to 41 flame retardant compounds analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. We focused on exposure to 6 compounds (BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE100, TCPP, TDCPP, TPP) and two composite indices (ΣPBDE, ΣOPE). Wilcoxon rank-sum tests examined exposure differences by race/ethnicity and income (low income = below federal poverty level). Multiple linear regression models, nested within classrooms, assessed the association between PBDE and OPE exposure and EF, measured by the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders-Revised (HTKS-R) and Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) tasks.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/strong&gt;Children were 5.1 years old (SD = 0.3), 29.9% were from underserved racial/ethnic backgrounds, and 27.8% of families were low income. Compared with higher income families, children from low income families were exposed to 83.4% greater ΣPBDE exposures and 36% greater TDCPP exposures. There was no evidence of racial/ethnic disparities in PBDE or OPE exposures. Controlling for age, sex, income, race/ethnicity, and disability or cognitive delay, neither PBDE nor OPE exposures were consistently related to EF, but children from lower income families scored 28.6% lower on the HTKS-R, and children from underserved races/ethnicities scored 25.9% lower on the HTKS-R.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSIONS: &lt;/strong&gt;Our findings highlight persistent income disparities in PBDE exposures at a pivotal point in children&#039;s development, and reveal similar disparities in TDCPP exposures. Furthermore, socioeconomic disadvantage was more strongly associated with reduced EF than either PBDE or OPFR exposures. These findings underscore the need to address structural social inequities, and also highlight the need for greater representation of children from underserved backgrounds in research that seeks to characterize chemical and social exposures within neighborhood and preschool environments.&lt;/p&gt;
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