%0 Journal Article %J Sci Total Environ %D 2020 %T Environmental surveillance and adverse neonatal health outcomes in foals born near unconventional natural gas development activity. %A Kathleen Mullen %A Briana N Rivera %A Lane G Tidwell %A Renata Ivanek %A Kim A Anderson %A Dorothy Ainsworth %K Animals %K Animals, Newborn %K Environmental Monitoring %K Female %K Horses %K Humans %K Infant, Newborn %K Male %K Natural Gas %K New York %K Outcome Assessment, Health Care %K Pennsylvania %K Pregnancy %X

Studies of neonatal health risks of unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) have not included comprehensive assessments of environmental chemical exposures. We investigated a clustering of dysphagic cases in neonatal foals born between 2014 and 2016 in an area of active UNGD in Pennsylvania (PA),USA. We evaluated equine biological data and environmental exposures on the affected PA farm and an unaffected New York (NY) farm owned by the same proprietor. Dams either spent their entire gestation on one farm or moved to the other farm in late gestation. Over the 21-month study period, physical examinations and blood/tissue samples were obtained from mares and foals on each farm. Grab samples of water, pasture soil and feed were collected; continuous passive sampling of air and water for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was performed. Dysphagia was evaluated as a binary variable; logistic regression was used to identify risk factors. Sixty-five foals were born, 17 (all from PA farm) were dysphagic. Odds of dysphagia increased with the dam residing on the PA farm for each additional month of gestation (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2, 1.7, p = 6.0E-04). Males were more likely to be born dysphagic (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.2, 24.5, p = 0.03) than females. Prior to installation of a water filtration/treatment system, PA water concentrations of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (p = 6.0E-03), fluoranthene (p = 0.03), pyrene (p = 0.02) and triphenylene (p = 0.01) exceeded those in NY water. Compared to NY farm water, no concentrations of PAHs were higher in PA following installation of the water filtration/treatment system. We provide evidence of an uncommon adverse health outcome (dysphagia) in foals born near UNGD that was eliminated in subsequent years (2017-2019) following environmental management changes. Notably, this study demonstrates that domestic large animals such as horses can serve as important sentinels for human health risks associated with UNGD activities.

%B Sci Total Environ %V 731 %P 138497 %8 2020 Aug 20 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138497 %0 Journal Article %J Int J Environ Res Public Health %D 2019 %T A Case Study Describing a Community-Engaged Approach for Evaluating Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in a Native American Community. %A Diana Rohlman %A Jamie Donatuto %A Heidt, Myk %A Michael L Barton %A Campbell, Larry %A Kim A Anderson %A Molly Kile %K Air Pollutants %K Air Pollution, Indoor %K Community Participation %K Community-Based Participatory Research %K Environmental Monitoring %K Female %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Male %K Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons %K Seasons %X

In 2015, the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community (SITC) was impacted by an air toxic release from one of two nearby oil refineries. This experience motivated SITC members to learn more about their exposure to air toxics. On the invitation of SITC, this community-based study measured personal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and conducted interviews with the volunteers to evaluate perceptions of the data and experience of participating. Non-smoking SITC members were recruited in March 2016 ( = 10) and January 2017 ( = 22) with seven volunteers participating both times. Volunteers wore a wristband passive sampler for 7 days and completed daily activity diaries. Wristbands were analyzed for 62 PAHs using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Wilcoxon exact tests determined if the sum total PAHs (ΣPAH) differed by activity, proximity to the refineries, and time. Aggregated results were shared during community meetings, and volunteers received individual reports. Volunteers ( = 9) participated in individual interviews. All volunteers were exposed to different amounts and types of PAHs. Burning candles or using a wood stove and/or propane heating were associated with higher ΣPAH exposures. While ΣPAH was similar in both sampling periods, the composition of PAHs differed. More priority listed PAHs were detected in January ( = 17) versus March ( = 10). Among volunteers who participated in both sampling events, exposure to four PAHs significantly differed between seasons. Overall, volunteers reported that the study made them more aware of air pollution sources in their community. They also commented that the chemical nomenclature was difficult to understand, but appreciated the individual reports that allowed them to visually compare their data to the distribution of data collected in their community. For volunteers with lower exposures, these comparisons gave them relief. However, volunteers with higher exposures reported concern and several changed their behaviors to reduce their exposure to known PAH sources. This study provided an opportunity for SITC members to learn about their personal exposure to a class of air toxics within the context of their community. While the limitations of the study hindered the ability to identify sources of air toxics in the community, this activity appeared to raise awareness about ambient and indoor air pollution among the volunteers.

%B Int J Environ Res Public Health %V 16 %8 2019 01 24 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.3390/ijerph16030327 %0 Journal Article %J Chemosphere %D 2019 %T Differential exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in mother-child pairs. %A Gibson, Elizabeth A %A Heather M Stapleton %A Lehyla Calero %A Darrell Holmes %A Burke, Kimberly %A Martinez, Rodney %A Cortes, Boris %A Nematollahi, Amy %A Evans, David %A Kim A Anderson %A Julie Herbstman %K Adult %K Child %K Child Development %K Child, Preschool %K Cohort Studies %K Dust %K Environmental Exposure %K Female %K Flame Retardants %K Humans %K Male %K Mothers %K Organophosphates %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: Humans are ubiquitously exposed to flame retardants, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), through direct contact with consumer products or exposure through household dust. Children are at increased risk because of their proximity to dust, hand-to-mouth activity, and the importance of childhood as a critical period in neurodevelopment.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify differences in exposure levels between mothers and children (three to six years of age), we analyzed urinary metabolites of OPEs. We additionally assessed the ability of silicone wristbands (measuring ambient exposure) to predict urinary metabolite concentrations.

METHODS: We selected 32 mother and child dyads from an existing cohort. Participants provided baseline urine samples and wore wristbands for one week. After the first week, they returned their wristbands and provided a second urine sample. During the second week, participants wore a second wristband that they returned at the end of week two with a third and final urine sample.

RESULTS: We found significantly higher levels of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) (p < 0.001) and lower levels of bis(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) (p < 0.001) in children's urine samples compared to mothers' samples at baseline. We found that triphenylphosphate (TPHP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) measured in wristbands predicted their respective metabolite levels in urine.

CONCLUSION: Children had higher levels than mothers for two of six flame retardant metabolites measured in urine. Generally, wristband measurements positively predicted internal dose. As little is known about the health effects of OPEs on child development, future research is needed to determine the impact of differential exposure.

%B Chemosphere %V 219 %P 567-573 %8 2019 Mar %G eng %R 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.008 %0 Journal Article %J Food Chem Toxicol %D 2018 %T Pharmacokinetics of [C]-Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in humans: Impact of Co-Administration of smoked salmon and BaP dietary restriction. %A Hummel, Jessica M %A Erin Madeen %A Siddens, Lisbeth K %A Sandra Uesugi %A McQuistan, Tammie %A Kim A Anderson %A Kenneth Turteltaub %A Ted J Ognibene %A Bench, Graham %A Krueger, Sharon K %A Stuart Harris %A Jordan Smith %A Susan C Tilton %A Baird, William M %A Williams, David E %K Adult %K Aged %K Animals %K Benzo(a)pyrene %K Carbon Radioisotopes %K Carcinogens %K Cooking %K Female %K Fish Products %K Food Safety %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons %K Salmon %K Young Adult %X

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is a known human carcinogen. In non-smoking adults greater than 95% of BaP exposure is through diet. The carcinogenicity of BaP is utilized by the U.S. EPA to assess relative potency of complex PAH mixtures. PAH relative potency factors (RPFs, BaP = 1) are determined from high dose animal data. We employed accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to determine pharmacokinetics of [C]-BaP in humans following dosing with 46 ng (an order of magnitude lower than human dietary daily exposure and million-fold lower than animal cancer models). To assess the impact of co-administration of food with a complex PAH mixture, humans were dosed with 46 ng of [C]-BaP with or without smoked salmon. Subjects were asked to avoid high BaP-containing diets and a 3-day dietary questionnaire given to assess dietary exposure prior to dosing and three days post-dosing with [C]-BaP. Co-administration of smoked salmon, containing a complex mixture of PAHs with an RPF of 460 ng BaP, reduced and delayed absorption. Administration of canned commercial salmon, containing very low amounts of PAHs, showed the impacts on pharmacokinetics were not due to high amounts of PAHs but rather a food matrix effect.

%B Food Chem Toxicol %V 115 %P 136-147 %8 2018 May %G eng %R 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.003 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Health %D 2017 %T Cross-sectional study of social behaviors in preschool children and exposure to flame retardants. %A Shannon T Lipscomb %A Megan McClelland %A MacDonald, Megan %A Cardenas, Andres %A Kim A Anderson %A Molly Kile %K Child, Preschool %K Environmental Exposure %K Environmental Pollutants %K Female %K Flame Retardants %K Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers %K Humans %K Male %K Organophosphates %K Social Behavior %X

BACKGROUND: Children are exposed to flame retardants from the built environment. Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE) and organophosphate-based flame retardants (OPFRs) are associated with poorer neurocognitive functioning in children. Less is known, however, about the association between these classes of compounds and children's emotional and social behaviors. The objective of this study was to determine if flame retardant exposure was associated with measurable differences in social behaviors among children ages 3-5 years.

METHODS: We examined teacher-rated social behaviors measured using the Social Skills Improvement Rating Scale (SSIS) and personal exposure to flame retardants in children aged 3-5 years who attended preschool (n = 72). Silicone passive samplers worn for 7 days were used to assess personal exposure to 41 compounds using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer. These concentrations were then summed into total BDE and total OPFR exposure prior to natural log transformation. Separate generalized additive models were used to evaluate the relationship between seven subscales of the SSIS and lnΣBDE or lnΣOPFR adjusting for other age, sex, adverse social experiences, and family context.

RESULTS: All children were exposed to a mixture of flame retardant compounds. We observed a dose dependent relationship between lnΣOPFR and two subscales where children with higher exposures were rated by their preschool teachers as having less responsible behavior (p = 0.07) and more externalizing behavior problems (p = 0.03). Additionally, children with higher lnΣBDE exposure were rated by teachers as less assertive (p = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS: We observed a cross-sectional association between children's exposure to flame retardant compounds and teacher-rated social behaviors among preschool-aged children. Children with higher flame retardant exposures exhibited poorer social skills in three domains that play an important role in a child's ability to succeed academically and socially.

%B Environ Health %V 16 %P 23 %8 2017 03 09 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1186/s12940-017-0224-6 %0 Journal Article %J Xenobiotica %D 2011 %T Organophosphorus pesticide degradation product in vitro metabolic stability and time-course uptake and elimination in rats following oral and intravenous dosing. %A Norman D Forsberg %A Rodriguez-Proteau, R %A Ma, L %A Morré, J %A Christensen, J M %A Maier, C S %A Jeffrey J Jenkins %A Kim A Anderson %K Administration, Oral %K Animals %K Environmental Monitoring %K Humans %K Injections, Intravenous %K Male %K Mass Spectrometry %K Organophosphorus Compounds %K Pesticides %K Rats %K Rats, Sprague-Dawley %K Time Factors %X

Levels of urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are currently used as a biomarker of human exposure to organophosphorus insecticides (OPs). It is known that OPs degrade on food commodities to DAPs at levels that approach or exceed those of the parent OP. However, little has been reported on the extent of DAP absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The metabolic stability of O,O-dimethylphosphate (DMP) was assessed using pooled human and rat hepatic microsomes. Time-course samples were collected over 2 h and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. It was found that DMP was not metabolized by rat or pooled human hepatic microsomes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered DMP at 20 mg kg(-1) via oral gavage and i.v. injection. Time-course plasma and urine samples were collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. DMP oral bioavailability was found to be 107 ± 39% and the amount of orally administered dose recovered in the urine was 30 ± 9.9% by 48 h. The in vitro metabolic stability, high bioavailability and extent of DMP urinary excretion following oral exposure in a rat model suggests that measurement of DMP as a biomarker of OP exposure may lead to overestimation of human exposure.

%B Xenobiotica %V 41 %P 422-9 %8 05/2011 %G eng %N 5 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21446834?dopt=Abstract %R 10.3109/00498254.2010.550656 %0 Journal Article %J Lipids %D 1983 %T Toxicology of brominated fatty acids: metabolite concentration and heart and liver changes. %A Jones, B A %A Tinsley, I J %A Lowry, R R %K Adipose Tissue %K Animals %K Bromine %K Dietary Fats %K Fatty Acids %K Heart %K Liver %K Male %K Myocardium %K Rats %K Rats, Inbred Strains %K Tissue Distribution %X

Rats were fed for 35 days diets containing 2% of either brominated corn oil (BCO), monoglyceride of dibromostearate (DBS), monoglyceride of tetrabromostearate (TBS) or a mixture of the two monoglycerides (BMG) which provided proportions of brominated acids comparable to that of the BCO. Hearts from all animals fed BCO were yellow colored and firm in texture. Myocardial cellular degeneration, mild to moderate edema and occasional small necrotic foci were observed. Hearts from animals fed DBS showed moderate edema and some slight necrosis. All diets produced an increase in lipid content of heart. Animals fed the experimental diets developed enlarged livers and showed elevated liver lipid content. The tetrabromostearate appeared to be the more active in producing these changes, in particular a severe intracellular fatty degeneration. Shorter-chain (C-16, C-14) metabolites of di- and tetrabromostearate were identified and the concentration of brominated fatty acids in heart, liver and adipose tissue determined and found to account for 80% of the bromine detected in these tissues by neutron activation analysis. TBS accumulated in liver while the highest concentration of DBS was observed in heart lipids. Although the concentrations of brominated acids in heart and liver lipids were comparable in rats fed BCO or BMG, BCO produced the more pronounced effects. This differential could be due to additional active components in BCO or to a variation in response associated with changes in the location of the fatty acid on the glycerol molecule.

%B Lipids %V 18 %P 327-34 %8 1983 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/BF02534710