%0 Journal Article %J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %D 2013 %T Comparative developmental toxicity of environmentally relevant oxygenated PAHs. %A Knecht, Andrea L %A Goodale, Britton C %A Truong, Lisa %A Simonich, Michael T %A Swanson, Annika J %A Matzke, Melissa M %A Kim A Anderson %A Katrina M Waters %A Robyn L Tanguay %K Abnormalities, Drug-Induced %K Animals %K Biological Markers %K Embryo, Nonmammalian %K Environmental Pollutants %K Extracellular Space %K Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental %K Immunohistochemistry %K Mitochondria %K Oxidation-Reduction %K Oxidative Stress %K Oxygen Consumption %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction %K RNA %K Teratogens %K Zebrafish %X

Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are byproducts of combustion and photo-oxidation of parent PAHs. OPAHs are widely present in the environment and pose an unknown hazard to human health. The developing zebrafish was used to evaluate a structurally diverse set of 38 OPAHs for malformation induction, gene expression changes and mitochondrial function. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 6 to 120h post fertilization (hpf) to a dilution series of 38 different OPAHs and evaluated for 22 developmental endpoints. AHR activation was determined via CYP1A immunohistochemistry. Phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PHEQ), 1,9-benz-10-anthrone (BEZO), xanthone (XAN), benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (7,12-B[a]AQ), and 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-ANTQ) were evaluated for transcriptional responses at 48hpf, prior to the onset of malformations. qRT-PCR was conducted for a number of oxidative stress genes, including the glutathione transferase(gst), glutathione peroxidase(gpx), and superoxide dismutase(sod) families. Bioenergetics was assayed to measure in vivo oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in 26hpf embryos exposed to OPAHs. Hierarchical clustering of the structure-activity outcomes indicated that the most toxic of the OPAHs contained adjacent diones on 6-carbon moieties or terminal, para-diones on multi-ring structures. 5-carbon moieties with adjacent diones were among the least toxic OPAHs while the toxicity of multi-ring structures with more centralized para-diones varied considerably. 9,10-PHEQ, BEZO, 7,12-B[a]AQ, and XAN exposures increased expression of several oxidative stress related genes and decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a measurement of mitochondrial respiration. Comprehensive in vivo characterization of 38 structurally diverse OPAHs indicated differential AHR dependency and a prominent role for oxidative stress in the toxicity mechanisms.

%B Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %V 271 %P 266-75 %8 11/2013 %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23684558?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.006 %0 Journal Article %J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %D 2013 %T Structurally distinct polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce differential transcriptional responses in developing zebrafish. %A Goodale, Britton C %A Susan C Tilton %A Corvi, Margaret M %A Glenn R Wilson %A Janszen, Derek B %A Kim A Anderson %A Katrina M Waters %A Robyn L Tanguay %K Animals %K Embryo, Nonmammalian %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Structure-Activity Relationship %K Transcription, Genetic %K Zebrafish %X

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment as components of fossil fuels and by-products of combustion. These multi-ring chemicals differentially activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in a structurally dependent manner, and induce toxicity via both AHR-dependent and -independent mechanisms. PAH exposure is known to induce developmental malformations in zebrafish embryos, and recent studies have shown cardiac toxicity induced by compounds with low AHR affinity. Unraveling the potentially diverse molecular mechanisms of PAH toxicity is essential for understanding the hazard posed by complex PAH mixtures present in the environment. We analyzed transcriptional responses to PAH exposure in zebrafish embryos exposed to benz(a)anthracene (BAA), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and pyrene (PYR) at concentrations that induced developmental malformations by 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Whole genome microarray analysis of mRNA expression at 24 and 48 hpf identified genes that were differentially regulated over time and in response to the three PAH structures. PAH body burdens were analyzed at both time points using GC-MS, and demonstrated differences in PAH uptake into the embryos. This was important for discerning dose-related differences from those that represented unique molecular mechanisms. While BAA misregulated the least number of transcripts, it caused strong induction of cyp1a and other genes known to be downstream of the AHR, which were not induced by the other two PAHs. Analysis of functional roles of misregulated genes and their predicted regulatory transcription factors also distinguished the BAA response from regulatory networks disrupted by DBT and PYR exposure. These results indicate that systems approaches can be used to classify the toxicity of PAHs based on the networks perturbed following exposure, and may provide a path for unraveling the toxicity of complex PAH mixtures.

%B Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %V 272 %P 656-70 %8 11/2013 %G eng %N 3 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656968?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.024 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Toxicol Chem %D 2012 %T An approach for calculating a confidence interval from a single aquatic sample for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants. %A Matzke, Melissa M %A Sarah E Allan %A Kim A Anderson %A Katrina M Waters %K Confidence Intervals %K Environmental Monitoring %K Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions %K Pilot Projects %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Water Pollutants, Chemical %K Water Pollution, Chemical %X

The use of passive sampling devices (PSDs) for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants in aquatic environments can entail logistical constraints that often limit a comprehensive statistical sampling plan, thus resulting in a restricted number of samples. The present study demonstrates an approach for using the results of a pilot study designed to estimate sampling variability, which in turn can be used as variance estimates for confidence intervals for future n = 1 PSD samples of the same aquatic system. Sets of three to five PSDs were deployed in the Portland Harbor Superfund site for three sampling periods over the course of two years. The PSD filters were extracted and, as a composite sample, analyzed for 33 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. The between-sample and within-sample variances were calculated to characterize sources of variability in the environment and sampling methodology. A method for calculating a statistically reliable and defensible confidence interval for the mean of a single aquatic passive sampler observation (i.e., n = 1) using an estimate of sample variance derived from a pilot study is presented. Coverage probabilities are explored over a range of variance values using a Monte Carlo simulation.

%B Environ Toxicol Chem %V 31 %P 2888-92 %8 12/2012 %G eng %N 12 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22997050?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1002/etc.2014 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Toxicol Chem %D 2012 %T Bridging environmental mixtures and toxic effects. %A Sarah E Allan %A Brian W Smith %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %K Biological Assay %K Environmental Monitoring %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Rivers %K Water Pollutants, Chemical %X

Biological Response Indicator Devices Gauging Environmental Stressors (BRIDGES) is a bioanalytical tool that combines passive sampling with the embryonic zebrafish developmental toxicity bioassay to provide a quantitative measure of the toxicity of bioavailable complex mixtures. Passive sampling devices (PSDs), which sequester and concentrate bioavailable organic contaminants from the environment, were deployed in the Willamette and Columbia Rivers within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund site in Portland, OR, USA. Six sampling events were conducted in the summer and fall of 2009 and 2010. Passive sampling device extracts were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds and screened for 1,201 chemicals of concern using deconvolution-reporting software. The developmental toxicity of the extracts was analyzed using the embryonic zebrafish bioassay. The BRIDGES tool provided site-specific, temporally resolved information about environmental contaminant mixtures and their toxicity. Multivariate modeling approaches were applied to paired chemical and toxic effects data sets to help unravel chemistry-toxicity associations. Modeling elucidated spatial and temporal trends in PAH concentrations and the toxicity of the samples and identified a subset of PAH analytes that were the most highly correlated with observed toxicity. Although the present study highlights the complexity of discerning specific bioactive compounds in complex mixtures, it demonstrates methods for associating toxic effects with chemical characteristics of environmental samples.

%B Environ Toxicol Chem %V 31 %P 2877-87 %8 12/2012 %G eng %N 12 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23001962?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1002/etc.2018 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2012 %T Impact of the deepwater horizon oil spill on bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Gulf of Mexico coastal waters. %A Sarah E Allan %A Brian W Smith %A Kim A Anderson %K Environmental Monitoring %K Gulf of Mexico %K Petroleum Pollution %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Water Pollutants, Chemical %X

An estimated 4.1 million barrels of oil and 2.1 million gallons of dispersants were released into the Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. There is a continued need for information about the impacts and long-term effects of the disaster on the Gulf of Mexico. The objectives of this study were to assess bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal waters of four Gulf Coast states that were impacted by the spill. For over a year, beginning in May 2010, passive sampling devices were used to monitor the bioavailable concentration of PAHs. Prior to shoreline oiling, baseline data were obtained at all the study sites, allowing for direct before and after comparisons of PAH contamination. Significant increases in bioavailable PAHs were seen following the oil spill, however, preoiling levels were observed at all sites by March 2011. A return to elevated PAH concentrations, accompanied by a chemical fingerprint similar to that observed while the site was being impacted by the spill, was observed in Alabama in summer 2011. Chemical forensic modeling demonstrated that elevated PAH concentrations are associated with distinctive chemical profiles.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 46 %P 2033-9 %8 02/2012 %G eng %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321043?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1021/es202942q %0 Journal Article %J J Lab Autom %D 2012 %T Integration of data systems and technology improves research and collaboration for a superfund research center. %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Elena S Peterson %A Michael L Barton %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %K Biostatistics %K Chemistry Techniques, Analytical %K Computational Biology %K Cooperative Behavior %K Environmental Health %K Environmental Monitoring %K Humans %K Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems %K Oregon %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Universities %X

Large collaborative centers are a common model for accomplishing integrated environmental health research. These centers often include various types of scientific domains (e.g., chemistry, biology, bioinformatics) that are integrated to solve some of the nation's key economic or public health concerns. The Superfund Research Center (SRP) at Oregon State University (OSU) is one such center established in 2008 to study the emerging health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons while using new technologies both in the field and laboratory. With outside collaboration at remote institutions, success for the center as a whole depends on the ability to effectively integrate data across all research projects and support cores. Therefore, the OSU SRP center developed a system that integrates environmental monitoring data with analytical chemistry data and downstream bioinformatics and statistics to enable complete "source-to-outcome" data modeling and information management. This article describes the development of this integrated information management system that includes commercial software for operational laboratory management and sample management in addition to open-source custom-built software for bioinformatics and experimental data management.

%B J Lab Autom %V 17 %P 275-83 %8 08/2012 %G eng %N 4 %1

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22651935?dopt=Abstract

%R 10.1177/2211068212448428 %0 Journal Article %J J Agric Food Chem %D 2011 %T Determination of parent and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-fat salmon using a modified QuEChERS extraction, dispersive SPE and GC-MS. %A Norman D Forsberg %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %K Animals %K Fats %K Food Contamination %K Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Salmon %K Seafood %K Solid Phase Extraction %X

A fast and easy modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, rugged and safe) extraction method has been developed and validated for determination of 33 parent and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in high-fat smoked salmon that greatly enhances analyte recovery compared to traditional QuEChERS procedures. Sample processing includes extraction of PAHs into a solution of ethyl acetate, acetone and isooctane followed by cleanup with dispersive SPE and analysis by GC-MS in SIM mode. Method performance was assessed in spike recovery experiments (500 μg/g wet weight) in three commercially available smoked salmon with 3-11% fat. Recoveries of some 2-, 3- and 5-ring PAHs were improved 50-200% over traditional methods, while average recovery across all PAHs was improved 67%. Method precision was good with replicate extractions typically yielding relative standard deviations <10%, and detection limits were in the low ng/g range. With this method, a single analyst could extract and clean up ≥60 samples for PAH analysis in an 8 h work day.

%B J Agric Food Chem %V 59 %P 8108-16 %8 08/2011 %G eng %N 15 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21732651?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1021/jf201745a %0 Journal Article %J Chemosphere %D 2011 %T Estimating risk at a Superfund site using passive sampling devices as biological surrogates in human health risk models. %A Sarah E Allan %A Gregory J Sower %A Kim A Anderson %K Animals %K Environmental Monitoring %K Fishes %K Humans %K Models, Statistical %K Neoplasms %K Oregon %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Public Health %K Risk Assessment %K Rivers %K Time Factors %K Water Pollutants, Chemical %X

Passive sampling devices (PSDs) sequester the freely dissolved fraction of lipophilic contaminants, mimicking passive chemical uptake and accumulation by biomembranes and lipid tissues. Public Health Assessments that inform the public about health risks from exposure to contaminants through consumption of resident fish are generally based on tissue data, which can be difficult to obtain and requires destructive sampling. The purpose of this study is to apply PSD data in a Public Health Assessment to demonstrate that PSDs can be used as a biological surrogate to evaluate potential human health risks and elucidate spatio-temporal variations in risk. PSDs were used to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Willamette River; upriver, downriver and within the Portland Harbor Superfund megasite for 3 years during wet and dry seasons. Based on an existing Public Health Assessment for this area, concentrations of PAHs in PSDs were substituted for fish tissue concentrations. PSD measured PAH concentrations captured the magnitude, range and variability of PAH concentrations reported for fish/shellfish from Portland Harbor. Using PSD results in place of fish data revealed an unacceptable risk level for cancer in all seasons but no unacceptable risk for non-cancer endpoints. Estimated cancer risk varied by several orders of magnitude based on season and location. Sites near coal tar contamination demonstrated the highest risk, particularly during the dry season and remediation activities. Incorporating PSD data into Public Health Assessments provides specific spatial and temporal contaminant exposure information that can assist public health professionals in evaluating human health risks.

%B Chemosphere %V 85 %P 920-7 %8 10/2011 %G eng %N 6 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741671?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.051 %0 Journal Article %J J Environ Monit %D 2010 %T Effect of dibenzopyrene measurement on assessing air quality in Beijing air and possible implications for human health. %A Julie A Layshock %A Staci M Simonich %A Kim A Anderson %K Air Pollutants %K China %K Cities %K Environmental Exposure %K Environmental Monitoring %K Epidemiological Monitoring %K Humans %K Lung Neoplasms %K Particle Size %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Risk %K Seasons %X

Size fractionated particulate matter (PM) was collected in summer and winter from Beijing, China for the characterization of an expanded list of PAHs and evaluation of air pollution metrics. Summertime ΣPAHs on PM was 14.6 ± 29(PM 1.5), 0.88 ± 0.49(PM 1.5-7.2) and 0.29 ± 0.076(PM 7.2) ng m(-3) air while wintertime concentrations were 493 ± 206(PM 1.5), 26.7 ± 14(PM 1.5-7.2) and 5.3 ± 2.5(PM 7.2) ng m(-3) air. Greater than 90% of the carcinogenic PAHs were concentrated on PM(1.5). Dibenzopyrene isomers made up a significant portion (∼30%) of the total carcinogenic PAH load during the winter. To our knowledge, this is the first report of dibenzopyrenes in the Beijing atmosphere and among the few studies that report these highly potent PAHs in ambient particulate matter. Lifetime risk calculations indicated that 1 out of 10,000 to over 6 out of 100 Beijing residents may have an increased risk of lung cancer due to PAH concentration. Over half of the lifetime risk was attributed to Σdibenzopyrenes. The World Health Organization and Chinese daily PM(10) standard was exceeded on each day of the study, however, PAH limits were only exceeded during the winter. The outcomes of the air pollution metrics were highly dependent on the individual PAHs measured and seasonal variation.

%B J Environ Monit %V 12 %P 2290-8 %8 12/2010 %G eng %N 12 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967364?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1039/c0em00057d %0 Journal Article %J Environ Toxicol Chem %D 2010 %T Ketone and quinone-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussel tissue, sediment, urban dust, and diesel particulate matrices. %A Julie A Layshock %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %K Animals %K Dust %K Environmental Monitoring %K Environmental Pollutants %K Geologic Sediments %K Ketones %K Mytilus edulis %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Quinones %K Vehicle Emissions %X

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) substituted with a ketone or quinone functionality (OPAHs) may be important environmental contaminants. The OPAHs from environmental samples have demonstrated toxicity and may be more harmful than PAHs. Knowledge gaps concerning the occurrence of OPAHs in the total environment arise from analytical difficulties, as well as limited standards and methodologies. An optimized method was developed to quantify five ketone and four quinone OPAHs from matrices ranging from biological tissue to diesel particulates. Five National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) were analyzed. This is the first report of OPAH quantitation in SRM 2977 (mussel tissue), SRM 1944 (New York/New Jersey, USA waterway sediment), SRM 1975 (diesel extract), and SRM 1650b (diesel particulate matter) and among the few to report concentrations from SRM 1649 (urban dust). Furthermore, this is one of the first reports of OPAHs in biological tissue. Σ₉OPAHs were 374 ± 59 mg/kg (mussel tissue), 5.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg (sediment), 16.9 ± 1.6 mg/kg (urban dust), 33.4 ± 0.4 mg/kg (diesel extract), and 150 ± 43 mg/kg (diesel particulate matter). In all SRMs, the levels of OPAHs were similar to or exceeded levels of PAHs. Of the OPAHs tested, the most frequently occurring in the environmental matrices were 9-fluorenone, 9,10-anthraquinone, benzofluorenone, and 7,12-benz[a]anthracenequinone.

%B Environ Toxicol Chem %V 29 %P 2450-60 %8 11/2010 %G eng %N 11 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20830751?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1002/etc.301 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2008 %T Spatial and temporal variation of freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban river undergoing Superfund remediation. %A Gregory J Sower %A Kim A Anderson %K Environmental Remediation %K Health %K Humans %K Oregon %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Principal Component Analysis %K Rain %K Rivers %K Seawater %K Solubility %K Time Factors %X

Urban rivers with a history of industrial use can exhibit spatial and temporal variations in contaminant concentrations that may significantly affect risk evaluations and even the assessment of remediation efforts. Concentrations of 15 biologically available priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured over five years along 18.5 miles of the lower Willamette River using passive sampling devices and HPLC. The study area includes the Portland Harbor Superfund megasite with several PAH sources including remediation operations for coal tar at RM 6.3 west and an additional Superfund site, McCormick and Baxter, at RM 7 east consisting largely of creosote contamination. Study results show that organoclay capping at the McCormick and Baxter Superfund Site reduced PAHs from a precap average of 440 +/- 422 ng/L to 8 +/- 3 ng/L postcapping. Results also reveal that dredging of submerged coal tar nearly tripled nearby freely dissolved PAH concentrations. For apportioning sources, fluoranthene/pyrene and phenanthrene/anthracene diagnostic ratios from passive sampling devices were established for creosote and coal tar contamination and compared to published sediment values.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 42 %P 9065-71 %8 12/2008 %G eng %N 24 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19174872?dopt=Abstract %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2005 %T Environmental stresses and skeletal deformities in fish from the Willamette River, Oregon. %A Villeneuve, Daniel L %A Curtis, Lawrence R %A Jeffrey J Jenkins %A Warner, Kara E %A Tilton, Fred %A Kent, Michael L %A Watral, Virginia G %A Cunningham, Michael E %A Markle, Douglas F %A D Sethajintanin %A Krissanakriangkrai, Oraphin %A Johnson, Eugene R %A Grove, Robert %A Kim A Anderson %K Animals %K Benzofurans %K Bone and Bones %K Dioxins %K Female %K Fishes %K History, Ancient %K Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated %K Metals, Heavy %K Oocytes %K Oregon %K Organophosphorus Compounds %K Ovary %K Pesticides %K Polychlorinated Biphenyls %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Rivers %K Trematoda %K Trematode Infections %K Water Pollutants, Chemical %X

The Willamette River, one of 14 American Heritage Rivers, flows through the most densely populated and agriculturally productive region of Oregon. Previous biological monitoring of the Willamette River detected elevated frequencies of skeletal deformities in fish from certain areas of the lower (Newberg pool [NP], rivermile [RM] 26 - 55) and middle (Wheatland Ferry [WF], RM 72 - 74) river, relative to those in the upper river (Corvallis [CV], RM 125-138). The objective of this study was to determine the likely cause of these skeletal deformities. In 2002 and 2003, deformity loads in Willamette River fishes were 2-3 times greater at the NP and WF locations than at the CV location. There were some differences in water quality parameters between the NP and CV sites, but they did not readily explain the difference in deformity loads. Concentrations of bioavailable metals were below detection limits (0.6 - 1 microg/ L). Concentrations of bioavailable polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides were generally below 0.25 ng/L. Concentrations of bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were generally less than 5 ng/L. Concentrations of most persistent organic pollutants were below detection limits in ovary/oocyte tissue samples and sediments, and those that were detected were not significantly different among sites. Bioassay of Willamette River water extracts provided no evidence that unidentified compounds or the complex mixture of compounds present in the extracts could induce skeletal deformities in cyprinid fish. However, metacercariae of a digenean trematode were directly associated with a large percentage of deformities detected in two Willamette River fishes, and similar deformities were reproduced in laboratoryfathead minnows exposed to cercariae extracted from Willamette River snails. Thus, the weight of evidence suggests that parasitic infection, not chemical contaminants, was the primary cause of skeletal deformities observed in Willamette River fish.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 39 %P 3495-506 %8 05/2005 %G eng %N 10 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15954223?dopt=Abstract