%0 Journal Article %J Sci Total Environ %D 2009 %T DGT estimates cadmium accumulation in wheat and potato from phosphate fertilizer applications. %A Perez, Angela L %A Kim A Anderson %K Cadmium %K Diffusion %K Fertilizers %K Phosphates %K Quality Control %K Solanum tuberosum %K Triticum %X

Cadmium is a common impurity in phosphatic fertilizers and may contribute to soil Cd accumulation. Changes in total and bioavailable Cd burdens to agricultural soils and the potential for plant Cd accumulation resulting from fertilizer input was investigated. Three year field studies were conducted using three dose levels of cadmium-rich, commercial, phosphate fertilizers applied at four agricultural sites. Labile Cd concentrations, measured using the passive sampling device Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (Cd(DGT)), increased with increasing fertilizer application rates. Cd also accumulated in the edible portion of wheat and potato crops grown at the sites, and showed strong positive dose response with fertilizer treatment. Regression models were calculated for each site, year, and for individual crops. Model comparisons indicated that soil physical and chemical parameters in addition to soil Cd fractions, were important determinants of Cd(DGT). Significant factors contributing to Cd(DGT) concentrations were Cd from fertilizer input (Cd(fertilizer)), pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and total recoverable Cd (Cd(total)). Important factors used to determine Cd concentrations in wheat grain (Cd(wheat)) and in potato (Cd(potato)) were as follows: Cd(wheat):Cd(fertilizer), and Cd(DGT); and Cd(potato):Cd(fertilizer), Cd(DGT), % O.M. The effective concentration, C(E), calculated from DGT did not correlate well with Cd(wheat) or with Cd(potato). Direct measurements of Cd(DGT) correlated better with Cd found in edible plant tissue. The modeling approach presented in this study helps to estimate Cd accumulation in plant tissue over multiple years and in distinct agricultural soil systems.

%B Sci Total Environ %V 407 %P 5096-103 %8 09/2009 %G eng %N 18 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19552942?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.045 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2008 %T Field trial and modeling of uptake rates of in situ lipid-free polyethylene membrane passive sampler. %A Kim A Anderson %A D Sethajintanin %A Gregory J Sower %A Quarles, L %K Lipids %K Membranes, Artificial %K Models, Molecular %K Models, Theoretical %K Polyethylene %K Quality Control %X

Lipid-free polyethylene membrane tubing (LFT) has been further developed in response to a growing need for an inexpensive and simple time-integrative sampling device for dissolved hydrophobic contaminants in water. The LFT sampler is based on the diffusion of dissolved hydrophobic target compounds through the aqueous boundary layer and into the polyethylene membrane, mimicking uptake by organisms. We demonstrate through laboratory and field validation studies that LFT provided the same benefits as many other passive sampling devices, withoutthe potential of analytical interference from lipid impurities. A total of 370 LFTs and semipermeable membrane devices were deployed for 21 days in paired studies at highly urbanized, undeveloped, and two Superfund sites, representing several river conditions. A simple internal surrogate spiking method served as an in situ calibration indicator of the effects of environmental conditions on the uptake rates. A modified extraction method for the LFT increased recoveries while decreasing solvent use and labor compared to other organic extraction procedures. LFT sampling rates were estimated using ratios, in situ calibration and modeling for over 45 target analytes, including PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 42 %P 4486-93 %8 06/2008 %G eng %N 12 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605575?dopt=Abstract %0 Journal Article %J J AOAC Int %D 2001 %T Bioavailable organochlorine pesticides in a semi-arid region of eastern Oregon, USA, as determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. %A Kim A Anderson %A Johnson, Eugene R %K Biological Availability %K Chromatography, Gas %K Chromatography, Gel %K Data Interpretation, Statistical %K Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated %K Insecticides %K Oregon %K Pesticide Residues %K Quality Control %K Time Factors %K Water Pollutants, Chemical %X

A group of dissolved-bioavailable organochlorine (OC) pesticides and inorganic anions in water and total OC pesticides in sediments were measured in the Malheur Watershed, a semi-arid region in the western United States, over a 2-year period. OC pesticide levels were compared with those from a 1990 study of the lower section of the river, the most recent data available. After calculating the dissolved fraction from the 1990, study it seems that DDD and dieldrin levels have decreased in the water by 50-70%, while DDE and DDT have changed little. Although banned nearly 30 years ago, DDT is still persistent throughout the Malheur River basin/watershed because it was found in all water samples tested. All of the OC pesticides tested during the 2-year study are well below the criterion continuous concentration for aquatic community exposure as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). OC pesticides appear to be decreasing, however, at lower Ontario there remains a human health risk (EPA Human Health Risk Water Quality Criteria) for DDT, because this criteria includes daily consumption of water and fish from the river. Overall, although the upper forest watershed sites have lower OC pesticide concentrations, they represent an important contribution to the total DDT load to this watershed, a source not previously acknowledged. The large increase in DDT and sigmaDDT between the Ontario sites may indicate a possible historical point source of contamination or historical preferential deposition of contamination. Normalized sediment (sigmaDDT/organic carbon) strongly correlates with dissolved water sigmaDDT.

%B J AOAC Int %V 84 %P 1371-82 %8 09/2001 %G eng %N 5 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11601456?dopt=Abstract