%0 Journal Article %J Curr Opin Toxicol %D 2023 %T Advances in PAH mixture toxicology enabled by zebrafish. %A Lindsay B Wilson %A Ian L Moran %A Kim A Anderson %A Robyn L Tanguay %X

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds produced by a variety of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. PAHs inherently occur in the environment in complex mixtures. The early life-stage zebrafish model is a valuable tool for high-throughput screening (HTS) for toxicity of complex chemical mixtures due to its rapid development, high fecundity, and superb sensitivity to chemical insult. Zebrafish are amenable to exposure to surrogate mixtures as well as extracts of environmental samples and effect-directed analysis. In addition to its utility to HTS, the zebrafish has proven an excellent model for assessing chemical modes of action and identifying molecular initiating and other key events in an Adverse Outcome Pathway framework. Traditional methods of assessing PAH mixture toxicity prioritize carcinogenic potential and lack consideration of non-carcinogenic modes of action, assuming a similar molecular initiating event for all PAHs. Recent work in zebrafish has made it clear that while PAHs belong to the same chemical class, their modes of action can be divergent. Future research should use zebrafish to better classify PAHs by their bioactivity and modes of action to better understand mixture hazards.

%B Curr Opin Toxicol %V 34 %8 2023 Jun %G eng %R 10.1016/j.cotox.2023.100392 %0 Journal Article %J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %D 2023 %T Benzo[a]pyrene toxicokinetics in humans following dietary supplementation with 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) or Brussels sprouts. %A Monica L. Vermillion Maier %A Siddens, Lisbeth K %A Jamie Pennington %A Sandra Uesugi %A Susan C Tilton %A Vertel, Emily A %A Kim A Anderson %A Lane G Tidwell %A Ted J Ognibene %A Kenneth Turteltaub %A Jordan Smith %A Williams, David E %X

Utilizing the atto-zeptomole sensitivity of UPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry (UPLC-AMS), we previously demonstrated significant first-pass metabolism following escalating (25-250 ng) oral micro-dosing in humans of [C]-benzo[a]pyrene ([C]-BaP). The present study examines the potential for supplementation with Brussels sprouts (BS) or 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) to alter plasma levels of [C]-BaP and metabolites over a 48-h period following micro-dosing with 50 ng (5.4 nCi) [C]-BaP. Volunteers were dosed with [C]-BaP following fourteen days on a cruciferous vegetable restricted diet, or the same diet supplemented for seven days with 50 g of BS or 300 mg of BR-DIM® prior to dosing. BS or DIM reduced total [C] recovered from plasma by 56-67% relative to non-intervention. Dietary supplementation with DIM markedly increased T and reduced C for [C]-BaP indicative of slower absorption. Both dietary treatments significantly reduced C values of four downstream BaP metabolites, consistent with delaying BaP absorption. Dietary treatments also appeared to reduce the T and the plasma AUC() for Unknown Metabolite C, indicating some effect in accelerating clearance of this metabolite. Toxicokinetic constants for other metabolites followed the pattern for [C]-BaP (metabolite profiles remained relatively consistent) and non-compartmental analysis did not indicate other significant alterations. Significant amounts of metabolites in plasma were at the bay region of [C]-BaP irrespective of treatment. Although the number of subjects and large interindividual variation are limitations of this study, it represents the first human trial showing dietary intervention altering toxicokinetics of a defined dose of a known human carcinogen.

%B Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %P 116377 %8 2023 Jan 12 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116377 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2023 %T Comparative Hazard Potential of Environmentally Relevant Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons %A M. L. Morshead %A Truong, Lisa %A Simonich, Michael T %A J. Scotten %A Kim A Anderson %A Robyn L Tanguay %B Society of Toxicology 62nd Annual Meeting in Nashville, TN %8 03/2023 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Sci Total Environ %D 2023 %T Concurrent assessment of diffusive and advective PAH movement strongly affected by temporal and spatial changes. %A Christine C Ghetu %A Ian L Moran %A Richard P Scott %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %X

Chemical movement influences exposure, remediation and interventions. Understanding chemical movement in addition to chemical concentrations at contaminated sites is critical to informed decision making. Using seepage meters and passive sampling devices we assessed both diffusive and advective flux of bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at three time points, across two seasons, at a former creosote site in St. Helens, Oregon, United States. To our knowledge, this is the first time both diffusive and advective fluxes have been measured simultaneously at a contaminated site. Concentrations of 39 parent PAHs were determined by gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Across both seasons and all sites, diffusive flux of PAHs was up to three orders of magnitude larger than advective flux. Release of PAHs from sediments and water were identified, likely from legacy contamination, as well as deposition from the air into the site from contemporary and other sources. The majority of PAH movement was comprised of three and four ring PAHs. Chemical movement on the site was found to be spatially and temporally variable. Volatilization decreased and atmospheric deposition increased from summer to fall. At the locations with higher levels of contamination, sum PAH release from sediments decreased by more than two orders of magnitude from summer to late fall. These data reflect the spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of this site and demonstrate the importance of seasonality in assessing chemical movement at contaminated sites. Results from this study can inform future legacy site assessments to optimize remediation strategies and assess remediation effectiveness.

%B Sci Total Environ %P 168765 %8 2023 Nov 20 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168765 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Res %D 2023 %T Determinants of exposure to endocrine disruptors following hurricane Harvey. %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Walker, C %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %X

Hurricane Harvey was a category four storm that induced catastrophic flooding in the Houston metropolitan area. Following the hurricane there was increased concern regarding chemical exposures due to damage caused by flood waters and emergency excess emissions from industrial facilities. This study utilized personal passive samplers in the form of silicone wristbands in Houston, TX to both assess chemical exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) immediately after the hurricane and determine participant characteristics associated with higher concentrations of exposure. Participants from the Houston-3H cohort (n = 172) wore a wristband for seven days and completed a questionnaire to determine various flood-related and demographic variables. Bivariate and multivariate analysis indicated that living in an area with a high Area Deprivation Index (ADI) (indicative of low socioeconomic status), identifying as Black/African American or Latino, and living in the Houston neighborhoods of Baytown and East Houston were associated with increased exposure to EDCs. These results provide evidence of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic injustices in exposure to EDCs in the Houston Metropolitan Area. Since the multiple regression models conducted did not fully explain exposure (0.047 < R2 < 0.34), more research is needed on the direct sources of EDCs within this area to create effective exposure mitigation strategies.

%B Environ Res %P 114867 %8 01/2023 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114867 %0 Journal Article %J Sci Total Environ %D 2023 %T Diffusive fluxes of persistent organic pollutants between Arctic atmosphere, surface waters and sediments. %A Ian L Moran %A Lane G Tidwell %A Michael L Barton %A Molly Kile %A Miller, Pamela %A Diana Rohlman %A Seguinot-Medina, Samarys %A Ungwiluk, Bobby %A Waghiyi, Vi %A Kim A Anderson %X

Arctic communities are disproportionately exposed to pollutants from sources including global atmospheric transport and formerly used defense sites (FUDS). The effects of climate change and increasing development in the Arctic have the potential to exacerbate this problem. Yupik People of Sivuqaq, or St Lawrence Island, Alaska are one such community with documented exposures to pollutants from FUDS, and their traditional lipid-rich foods such as blubber and rendered oils of marine mammals. Troutman Lake, adjacent to the Yupik community of Gambell, Alaska, was used as a disposal site during the decommission of the adjacent FUDS, leading to community concern about exposure to military pollution and intrusion from historic local dump sites. In collaboration with a local community group, this study utilized passive sampling devices deployed in Troutman Lake. Air, water and sediment deployed samplers were analyzed for unsubstituted and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), brominated and organophosphate flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PAH concentrations were low and comparable to other remote/rural locations. PAHs were generally in deposition from the overlying atmosphere into Troutman Lake. Of the flame retardants, brominated diphenyl ether-47 was detected in all surface water samplers while triphenyl phosphate was detected in all environmental compartments. Both were at concentrations equivalent or lower than other remote locations. Of particular interest, we measured higher atmospheric concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (0.75-2.8 ng/m) than previously reported in the literature for remote Arctic sites (<0.017-0.56 ng/m). TCEP was found to be in deposition to Troutman Lake at magnitudes from 290 to 1300 ng/m/day. No PCBs were detected in this study. Our findings demonstrate the relevance of both modern and legacy chemicals from local and global sources. These results help us to understand the fate of anthropogenic contaminants in dynamic Arctic systems providing valuable data for communities, policy makers and scientists.

%B Sci Total Environ %P 164566 %8 2023 Jun 01 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164566 %0 Journal Article %J Chem Biol Interact %D 2023 %T Impact of phenanthrene co-administration on the toxicokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in humans. UPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry following oral microdosing. %A Monica L. Vermillion Maier %A Siddens, Lisbeth K %A Jamie Pennington %A Sandra Uesugi %A Labut, Edwin M %A Vertel, Emily A %A Kim A Anderson %A Lane G Tidwell %A Susan C Tilton %A Ted J Ognibene %A Kenneth Turteltaub %A Jordan Smith %A Williams, David E %X

Current risk assessments for environmental carcinogens rely on animal studies utilizing doses orders of magnitude higher than actual human exposures. Epidemiological studies of people with high exposures (e.g., occupational) are of value, but rely on uncertain exposure data. In addition, exposures are typically not to a single chemical but to mixtures, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The extremely high sensitivity of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) allows for dosing humans with known carcinogens with de minimus risk. In this study UPLC-AMS was used to assess the toxicokinetics of [C]-benzo[a]pyrene ([C]-BaP) when dosed alone or in a binary mixture with phenanthrene (Phe). Plasma was collected for 48 h following a dose of [C]-BaP (50 ng, 5.4 nCi) or the same dose of [C]-BaP plus Phe (1250 ng). Following the binary mixture, C of [C]-BaP significantly decreased (4.4-fold) whereas the volume of distribution (V) increased (2-fold). Further, the toxicokinetics of twelve [C]-BaP metabolites provided evidence of little change in the metabolite profile of [C]-BaP and the pattern was overall reduction consistent with reduced absorption (decrease in C). Although Phe was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of the major hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) responsible for metabolism of [C]-BaP, CYP1A2, the high inhibition constant (K) and lack of any increase in unmetabolized [C]-BaP in plasma makes this mechanism unlikely to be responsible. Rather, co-administration of Phe reduces the absorption of [C]-BaP through a mechanism yet to be determined. This is the first study to provide evidence that, at actual environmental levels of exposure, the toxicokinetics of [C]-BaP in humans is markedly altered by the presence of a second PAH, Phe, a common component of environmental PAH mixtures.

%B Chem Biol Interact %V 382 %P 110608 %8 2023 Jun 25 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110608 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2023 %T Monitoring Personal Chemical Exposures of Structural Firefighters with Silicone Passive Samplers %A Emily M Bonner %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B PNW SETAC Troutdale, OR %8 05/2023 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2023 %T Monitoring Personal Chemical Exposures of Structural Firefighters with Silicone Passive Sampling %A Emily M Bonner %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B SOT Nashville, TN %8 03/2023 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2023 %T Monitoring Personal Chemical Exposures of Structural Firefighters with Silicone Passive Samplers %A Emily M Bonner %E Carolyn M Poutasse %E Walker S Carlos Poston %E Sara A Jahnke %E Christopher K Haddock %E Lane G Tidwell %E Peter D Hoffman %E Kim A Anderson %B SOT Nashville, TN %8 03/2023 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Int J Environ Res Public Health %D 2023 %T Pesticide Exposure among Latinx Children in Rural Farmworker and Urban Non-Farmworker Communities: Associations with Locality and Season. %A Thomas A Arcury %A Haiying Chen %A Sara A Quandt %A Jennifer W Talton %A Kim A Anderson %A Richard P Scott %A Phillip Summers %A Paul J Laurienti %K Agriculture %K Child %K Chlorpyrifos %K Environmental Exposure %K Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry %K Hispanic or Latino %K Humans %K Pesticides %K Pyrethrins %K Seasons %X

This study uses repeated measures to document the pesticide exposure of rural and urban Latinx children (age eight at baseline), and to compare these children in terms of the frequency and concentration of their exposure to a large set of pesticides, accounting for season. We used silicone wristbands worn for one week up to ten times at quarterly intervals from 2018 to 2022 to assess pesticide exposure in children from rural farmworker ( = 75) and urban non-farmworker ( = 61) families. We determined the detection and concentrations (ng/g) of 72 pesticides and pesticide degradation products in the wristbands using gas chromatography electron capture detection and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The most frequently detected pesticide classes were organochlorines, pyrethroids, and organophosphates. Controlling for season, organochlorine or phenylpyrazole detections were less likely for rural children than for urban children. Detections of organochlorines, pyrethroids, or organophosphates were lower in spring and summer versus winter. Controlling for season, urban children had greater concentrations of organochlorines, while rural children had greater concentrations of pyrethroids and Chlorpyrifos. Pesticide concentrations were lower in winter and spring compared with summer and fall. These results further document that pesticides are ubiquitous in the living environment for children in vulnerable, immigrant communities.

%B Int J Environ Res Public Health %V 20 %8 2023 Apr 26 %G eng %N 9 %R 10.3390/ijerph20095647 %0 Journal Article %J Int J Hyg Environ Health %D 2023 %T Silicone passive sampling used to identify novel dermal chemical exposures of firefighters and assess PPE innovations. %A Emily M Bonner %A Gavin P Horn %A Denise L Smith %A Kerber, Steve %A Kenneth W Fent %A Lane G Tidwell %A Richard P Scott %A Kaley A Adams %A Kim A Anderson %K Air Pollutants, Occupational %K Firefighters %K Humans %K Occupational Exposure %K Personal Protective Equipment %K Pilot Projects %K Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons %K Silicones %X

A plethora of chemicals are released into the air during combustion events, including a class of compounds called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have been implicated in increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, both of which are disease endpoints of concern in structural firefighters. Current commercially available personal protective equipment (PPE) typically worn by structural firefighters during fire responses have gaps in interfaces between the ensemble elements (e.g., hood and jacket) that allow for ingress of contaminants and dermal exposure. This pilot study aims to use silicone passive sampling to assess improvements in dermal protection afforded by a novel configuration of PPE, which incorporates a one-piece liner to eliminate gaps in two critical interfaces between pieces of gear. The study compared protection against parent and alkylated PAHs between the one-piece liner PPE and the standard configuration of PPE with traditional firefighting jacket and pants. Mannequins (n = 16) dressed in the PPE ensembles were placed in a Fireground Exposure Simulator for 10 min, and exposed to smoke from a combusting couch. Silicone passive samplers were placed underneath PPE at vulnerable locations near interfaces in standard PPE, and in the chamber air, to measure PAHs and calculate the dermal protection provided by both types of PPE. Silicone passive sampling methodology and analyses using gas chromatography with mass-spectrometry proved to be well-suited for this intervention study, allowing for the calculation and comparison of worker protection factors for 51 detected PAHs. Paired comparisons of the two PPE configurations found greater sum 2-3 ring PAH exposure underneath the standard PPE than the intervention PPE at the neck and chest, and at the chest for 4-7 ring PAHs (respective p-values: 0.00113, 0.0145, and 0.0196). Mean worker protection factors of the intervention PPE were also greater than the standard PPE for 98% of PAHs at the neck and chest. Notably, the intervention PPE showed more than 30 times the protection compared to the standard PPE against two highly carcinogenic PAHs, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene and benzo[c]fluorene. Nine of the detected PAHs in this study have not been previously reported in fireground exposure studies, and 26 other chemicals (not PAHs) were detected using a large chemical screening method on a subset of the silicone samplers. Silicone passive sampling appears to be an effective means for measuring dermal exposure reduction to fireground smoke, providing evidence in this study that reducing gaps in PPE interfaces could be further pursued as an intervention to reduce dermal exposure to PAHs, among other chemicals.

%B Int J Hyg Environ Health %V 248 %P 114095 %8 2023 Mar %G eng %R 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114095 %0 Generic %D 2023 %T Using Silicone Dogtags to Better Understand Personal Chemical Exposures of Structural Firefighters %A Emily M Bonner %E Carolyn M Poutasse %E Walker S Carlos Poston %E Sara A Jahnke %E Christopher K Haddock %E Lane G Tidwell %E Kim A Anderson %B ISES Chicago, IL %8 08/2023 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Int J Environ Res Public Health %D 2022 %T Associating Increased Chemical Exposure to Hurricane Harvey in a Longitudinal Panel Using Silicone Wristbands. %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Kim A Anderson %K Cyclonic Storms %K Floods %K Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry %K Humans %K Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons %K Silicones %X

Hurricane Harvey was associated with flood-related damage to chemical plants and oil refineries, and the flooding of hazardous waste sites, including 13 Superfund sites. As clean-up efforts began, concerns were raised regarding the human health impact of possible increased chemical exposure resulting from the hurricane and subsequent flooding. Personal sampling devices in the form of silicone wristbands were deployed to a longitudinal panel of individuals = 99) within 45 days of the hurricane and again one year later in the Houston metropolitan area. Using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, each wristband was screened for 1500 chemicals and analyzed for 63 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemical exposure levels found on the wristbands were generally higher post-Hurricane Harvey. In the 1500 screen, 188 chemicals were detected, 29 were detected in at least 30% of the study population, and of those, 79% ( = 23) were found in significantly higher concentrations ( < 0.05) post-Hurricane Harvey. Similarly, in PAH analysis, 51 chemicals were detected, 31 were detected in at least 30% of the study population, and 39% ( = 12) were found at statistically higher concentrations ( < 0.05) post-Hurricane Harvey. This study indicates that there were increased levels of chemical exposure after Hurricane Harvey in the Houston metropolitan area.

%B Int J Environ Res Public Health %V 19 %8 2022 05 30 %G eng %N 11 %R 10.3390/ijerph19116670 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Int %D 2022 %T Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolites predominant in human plasma following escalating oral micro-dosing with [C]-BaP. %A Monica L. Vermillion Maier %A Siddens, Lisbeth K %A Jamie Pennington %A Sandra Uesugi %A Kim A Anderson %A Lane G Tidwell %A Susan C Tilton %A Ted J Ognibene %A Kenneth Turteltaub %A Jordan Smith %A Williams, David E %X

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is formed by incomplete combustion of organic materials (petroleum, coal, tobacco, etc.). BaP is designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a group 1 known human carcinogen; a classification supported by numerous studies in preclinical models and epidemiology studies of exposed populations. Risk assessment relies on toxicokinetic and cancer studies in rodents at doses 5-6 orders of magnitude greater than average human uptake. Using a dose-response design at environmentally relevant concentrations, this study follows uptake, metabolism, and elimination of [C]-BaP in human plasma by employing UPLC - accelerator mass spectrometry (UPLC-AMS). Volunteers were administered 25, 50, 100, and 250 ng (2.7-27 nCi) of [C]-BaP (with interceding minimum 3-week washout periods) with quantification of parent [C]-BaP and metabolites in plasma measured over 48 h. [C]-BaP median T was 30 min with C and area under the curve (AUC) approximating dose-dependency. Marked inter-individual variability in plasma pharmacokinetics following a 250 ng dose was seen with 7 volunteers as measured by the C (8.99 ± 7.08 ng × mL) and AUC (68.6 ± 64.0 fg × hr × mL). Approximately 3-6% of the [C] recovered (AUC) was parent compound, demonstrating extensive metabolism following oral dosing. Metabolite profiles showed that, even at the earliest time-point (30 min), a substantial percentage of [C] in plasma was polar BaP metabolites. The best fit modeling approach identified non-compartmental apparent volume of distribution of BaP as significantly increasing as a function of dose (p = 0.004). Bay region tetrols and dihydrodiols predominated, suggesting not only was there extensive first pass metabolism but also potentially bioactivation. AMS enables the study of environmental carcinogens in humans with de minimus risk, allowing for important testing and validation of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models derived from animal data, risk assessment, and the interpretation of data from high-risk occupationally exposed populations.

%B Environ Int %V 159 %P 107045 %8 2022 Jan 15 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107045 %0 Journal Article %J Int J Environ Res Public Health %D 2022 %T A Comparative Multi-System Approach to Characterizing Bioactivity of Commonly Occurring Chemicals. %A Rivera, Brianna N %A Lindsay B Wilson %A Kim, Doo Nam %A Pande, Paritosh %A Kim A Anderson %A Robyn L Tanguay %K Animals %K Flame Retardants %K Organic Chemicals %K Pesticides %K Retrospective Studies %K Zebrafish %X

A 2019 retrospective study analyzed wristband personal samplers from fourteen different communities across three different continents for over 1530 organic chemicals. Investigators identified fourteen chemicals (G14) detected in over 50% of personal samplers. The G14 represent a group of chemicals that individuals are commonly exposed to, and are mainly associated with consumer products including plasticizers, fragrances, flame retardants, and pesticides. The high frequency of exposure to these chemicals raises questions of their potential adverse human health effects. Additionally, the possibility of exposure to mixtures of these chemicals is likely due to their co-occurrence; thus, the potential for mixtures to induce differential bioactivity warrants further investigation. This study describes a novel approach to broadly evaluate the hazards of personal chemical exposures by coupling data from personal sampling devices with high-throughput bioactivity screenings using in vitro and non-mammalian in vivo models. To account for species and sensitivity differences, screening was conducted using primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and early life-stage zebrafish. Mixtures of the G14 and most potent G14 chemicals were created to assess potential mixture effects. Chemical bioactivity was dependent on the model system, with five and eleven chemicals deemed bioactive in NHBE and zebrafish, respectively, supporting the use of a multi-system approach for bioactivity testing and highlighting sensitivity differences between the models. In both NHBE and zebrafish, mixture effects were observed when screening mixtures of the most potent chemicals. Observations of BMC-based mixtures in NHBE (NHBE BMC Mix) and zebrafish (ZF BMC Mix) suggested antagonistic effects. In this study, consumer product-related chemicals were prioritized for bioactivity screening using personal exposure data. High-throughput high-content screening was utilized to assess the chemical bioactivity and mixture effects of the most potent chemicals.

%B Int J Environ Res Public Health %V 19 %8 2022 03 23 %G eng %N 7 %R 10.3390/ijerph19073829 %0 Journal Article %J Neurotoxicol Teratol %D 2022 %T Comparing impact of pesticide exposure on cognitive abilities of Latinx children from rural farmworker and urban non-farmworker families in North Carolina. %A Dobbins, Dorothy L %A Haiying Chen %A Milton J. Cepeda %A Berenson, Lesley %A Jennifer W Talton %A Kim A Anderson %A Jonathan H Burdette %A Sara A Quandt %A Thomas A Arcury %A Paul J Laurienti %K Agriculture %K Child %K Child, Preschool %K Cognition %K Environmental Exposure %K Farmers %K Female %K Humans %K North Carolina %K Occupational Exposure %K Pesticides %K Pregnancy %X

Pesticide exposure remains a health hazard despite extensive study into adverse effects. Children in vulnerable populations, such as Latinx children in farmworker families, are particularly at risk for exposure. Several studies have demonstrated the detrimental cognitive effects of prenatal exposure to pesticides, particularly organophosphates (OPs) within this high-risk group. However, results from studies investigating the cognitive effects of early childhood pesticide exposure are equivocal. Most studies examining the effects of pesticide exposure have used correlative analyses rather than examining populations with expected high and low exposure. The current study compares 8-year-old children from rural families of farmworkers and urban, non-farmworker families. We used the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fifth Edition (WISC-V) to assess cognitive performance in these children. We designed this study with the expectation that children from farmworker families would have greater exposure to agricultural pesticides than urban, non-farmworker children. This assumption of exposure to agricultural pesticides was confirmed in a recent report that assessed exposure probabilities using life history calendars. However, data from passive wristband sampling of acute (1-week) pesticide exposure from these same children indicate that both study populations have considerable pesticide exposure but to different chemicals. As expected the children of farmworkers had greater OP exposure than non-farmworker children, but the non-farmworker children had greater exposure to two other classes of insecticides (organochlorines [OCs] and pyrethroids). Our analyses considered these findings. A comparison of the cognitive scores between groups revealed that children from farmworker families had slightly higher performance on the Visual-Spatial Index (VSI) and Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) when compared to children from non-farmworker families. Regression analyses where pesticide exposure was included as covariates revealed that OC exposure accounted for the largest portion of the group differences for both VSI and VCI. However, a post-hoc moderation analysis did not find significant interactions. The main study outcome was that the non-farmworker children exhibited lower WISC-V scores than the children from farmworker families, and the analyses incorporating pesticide exposure measures raise the hypothesis the that pervasive and persistent nature of a variety of pesticides may have adverse effects on the neurodevelopment of young Latinx children whether living in rural or non-farmworker environments.

%B Neurotoxicol Teratol %V 92 %P 107106 %8 2022 Jul-Aug %G eng %R 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107106 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2022 %T Comparing Structural Firefighters On and Off Duty Exposure to Xylenes %A Zachary W. Kowash %A Emily M Bonner %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %X
a group of three isomeric volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) can come from many sources, from
petroleum and combustion, to cleaning agents and
plastics1. Chronic and acute exposure to xylenes through
multiple exposure routes has been linked to an assortment
of adverse health effects2,3,4,5,6,7,8. With a high number of
VOCs being released from structural fires, firefighters
could potentially face an occupational risk in responding to
fires due to potential acute and chronic exposure effects9.
Characterizing xylenes exposure in structural firefighters
can provide a greater understanding into the
occupational risk that xylenes pose to those who could be
exposed at a higher frequency.
%B College of Agriculture Career Fair & Student Showcase %8 10/2022 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Citiz Sci %D 2022 %T Designing Equitable, Transparent Community-Engaged Disaster Research. %A Diana Rohlman %A Samantha Samon %A Sarah E Allan %A Michael L Barton %A Holly Dixon %A Christine C Ghetu %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Symanski, Elaine %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %X

Disaster research faces significant infrastructure challenges: regional and federal coordination, access to resources, and community collaboration. Disasters can lead to chemical exposures that potentially impact human health and cause concern in affected communities. Community-engaged research, which incorporates local knowledge and voices, is well-suited for work with communities that experience impacts of environmental exposures following disasters. We present three examples of community-engaged disaster research (CEnDR) following oil spills, hurricanes, and wildfires, and their impact on long-term social, physical, and technical community infrastructure. We highlight the following CEnDR structures: researcher/community networks; convenient research tools; adaptable data collection modalities for equitable access; and return of data.

%B Citiz Sci %V 7 %8 2022 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.5334/cstp.443 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2022 %T Evaluating PAH Dermal Exposure and Turnout Gear Efficacy Using Silicone Passive Sampling %A Emily M Bonner %A Gavin P Horn %A Denise L Smith %A Steven Kerber %A Kenneth W Fent %A Lane G Tidwell %A Richard P Scott %A Kaley A Adams %A Kim A Anderson %B 35th SRP Annual Meeting %C Raleigh, NC %8 12/2022 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2022 %T Firefighter Dermal Exposure Assessment with Silicone Samplers %A Emily M Bonner %A Gavin P Horn %A Denise L Smith %A Steven Kerber %A Kenneth W Fent %A Richard P Scott %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B SOT San Diego %8 03/2022 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2022 %T Firefighter Dermal Exposure to PAHs Assessed with Silicone Samplers %A Emily M Bonner %A Gavin P Horn %A Denise L Smith %A Steven Kerber %A Kenneth W Fent %A Lane G Tidwell %A Richard P Scott %A Kaley A Adams %A Kim A Anderson %B 43rd SETAC North America %C Pittsburg, PA %8 11/2022 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Res %D 2022 %T Inter-method reliability of silicone exposome wristbands and urinary biomarker assays in a pregnancy cohort. %A Megan E Romano %A Gallagher, Lisa %A Brett T Doherty %A Yeum, Dabin %A Lee, Sunmi %A Takazawa, Mari %A Kim A Anderson %A Kannan, Kurunthachalam %A Margaret R Karagas %X

Silicone wristbands act as passive environmental samplers capable of detecting and measuring concentrations of a variety of chemicals. They offer a noninvasive method to collect complex exposure data in large-scale epidemiological studies. We evaluated the inter-method reliability of silicone wristbands and urinary biomarkers in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. A subset of study participants (n = 96) provided a urine sample and wore a silicone wristband for 7 days at approximately 12 gestational weeks. Women were instructed to wear the wristbands during all their normal activities. Concentrations of urinary compounds and metabolites in the urine and parent compounds in wristbands were compared. High detection rates were observed for triphenyl phosphate (76.0%) and benzophenone (78.1%) in wristbands, although the distribution of corresponding urinary concentrations of chemicals did not differ according to whether chemicals were detected or not detected in wristbands. While detected among only 8.3% of wristbands, median urinary triclosan concentrations were higher among those with triclosan detected in wristbands (9.04 ng/mL) than without (0.16 ng/mL). For most chemicals slight to fair agreement was observed across exposure assessment methods, potentially due to low rates of detection in the wristbands for chemicals where observed urinary concentrations were relatively low as compared to background concentrations in the general population. Our findings support the growing body of research in support of deploying silicone wristbands as an important exposure assessment tool.

%B Environ Res %V 214 %P 113981 %8 2022 Nov %G eng %N Pt 3 %R 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113981 %0 Journal Article %J Toxics %D 2022 %T Leveraging Multiple Data Streams for Prioritization of Mixtures for Hazard Characterization. %A Rivera, Brianna N %A Christine C Ghetu %A Yvonne Chang %A Truong, Lisa %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %X

There is a growing need to establish alternative approaches for mixture safety assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to limitations with current component-based approaches, and the lack of established methods for using whole mixtures, a promising alternative is to use sufficiently similar mixtures; although, an established framework is lacking. In this study, several approaches are explored to form sufficiently similar mixtures. Multiple data streams including environmental concentrations and empirically and predicted toxicity data for cancer and non-cancer endpoints were used to prioritize chemical components for mixture formations. Air samplers were analyzed for unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs. A synthetic mixture of identified PAHs was created (Creosote-Fire Mix). Existing toxicity values and chemical concentrations were incorporated to identify hazardous components in the Creosote-Fire Mix. Sufficiently similar mixtures of the Creosote-Fire Mix were formed based on (1) relative abundance; (2) toxicity values; and (3) a combination approach incorporating toxicity and abundance. Hazard characterization of these mixtures was performed using high-throughput screening in primary normal human bronchial epithelium (NHBE) and zebrafish. Differences in chemical composition and potency were observed between mixture formation approaches. The toxicity-based approach (Tox Mix) was the most potent mixture in both models. The combination approach (Weighted-Tox Mix) was determined to be the ideal approach due its ability to prioritize chemicals with high exposure and hazard potential.

%B Toxics %V 10 %8 2022 Oct 29 %G eng %N 11 %R 10.3390/toxics10110651 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2022 %T Measuring On and Off-Duty Exposures of Structural Firefighters with Silicone Passive Samplers %A Emily M Bonner %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B 43rd SETAC North America %C Pittsburg, PA %8 11/2022 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2022 %T A Novel Framework to Form Sufficiently Similar Mixtures %A Briana N Rivera %A Christine C Ghetu %A Yvonne Chang %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Risk Assessment and Mixtures Specialty Section Webinar %8 01/22 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2021 %T Assessing Chemical Movement and Temporality at a Former Creosote Site %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 42nd Annual Meeting Portland, OR %8 11/2021 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2021 %T Assessing PAH movement %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B FSES Data Update with Oregon DEQ, Cascadia, LLC and Port of Columbia, Virtual %8 01/2021 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2021 %T Current Approaches to Characterizing Chemical Mixtures %A Briana N Rivera %A Diana Rohlman %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Northwest Toxics Community Coalition %8 4/2021 %G eng %0 Conference Paper %B International Society of Exposure Science 31st Annual Meeting %D 2021 %T Determinants of Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Following Hurricane Harvey %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B International Society of Exposure Science 31st Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Oral Presentation %G eng %0 Conference Paper %B SETAC North America 42nd Annual Meeting %D 2021 %T Determinants of Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Following Hurricane Harvey %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 42nd Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Poster %G eng %0 Conference Paper %B Society of Toxicology 60th Annual Meeting %D 2021 %T Determinants of exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals following Hurricane Harvey %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B Society of Toxicology 60th Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Poster %G eng %0 Generic %D 2021 %T Exploring Personal Chemical Exposures of Structural Firefighters Using Silicone Dog-tags as Passive Samplers %A Emily M Bonner %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %X

Structural firefighters are exposed to many potentially hazardous chemicals while on the job. In a burning building, chemicals in furniture, building materials, and home goods can be volatilized in the high heat, and pyrogenic chemicals can be formed. Adverse health outcomes observed in firefighters, such as increased incidence of various cancers and cardiovascular disease, raise concerns about these occupational exposures. This study seeks to compare chemical exposures of firefighters when on- and off-duty using silicone dog-tags worn around the neck, as passive samplers. There were 57 firefighter participants selected from two-stations in the Kansas City Metropolitan area; on average, one received fewer than two calls per month (low call volume), and the other received more than 12 calls per month (high call volume). Each firefighter wore two separate dog-tags while on- and off-duty for a total of 30 24-hour shifts. The firefighters also filled out questionnaires, indicating the number of fire attacks they participated in while wearing the tags, as well as other demographic and lifestyle information that might inform exposures. The dog-tags were extracted and analyzed using GC-MS. This presentation will focus on results for two chemical classes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). Preliminary data show that 16 different firefighters were exposed to PCBs, 12 of which were from the high call volume station. Additionally, 12 different PCB congeners were detected. It is hypothesized that chemical concentrations in paired on-duty versus off-duty tags will be higher, and that the high versus low call volume station will have greater chemical concentrations. Other questions about concentration correlation to questionnaire data, PCB sources, and potential adverse health outcomes linked to the observed exposures will also be explored. Silicone passive samplers are a useful tool in gathering data on chemical exposures of firefighters because they can mimic dermal absorption of the bioavailable phase, a particularly concerning route of exposure for firefighters. They are also easy to use and maintain, allowing for this month-long exposure study. This application of passive sampling will help us better characterize the occupational exposures of firefighters when they are on- and off-duty, and how that is impacted by station call-volume.

%B SETAC North America 42nd Annual Meeting %8 11/2021 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Int %D 2021 %T Firefighter exposures to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals measured by military-style silicone dog tags. %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Christopher K Haddock %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Lane G Tidwell %A Emily M Bonner %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %X

Studies suggest that exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (pEDCs) may contribute to adverse health outcomes, but pEDC exposures among firefighters have not been fully characterized. Previously, we demonstrated the military-style silicone dog tag as a personal passive sampling device for assessing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures among structural firefighters. This follow-up analysis examined the pEDC exposures based on department call volume, duty shift, and questionnaire variables. Structural firefighters (n = 56) were from one high and one low fire call volume department (Kansas City, MO metropolitan area) and wore separate dog tags while on- and off-duty (n = 110). The targeted 1530 analyte semi-quantitative screening method was conducted using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (n = 433). A total of 47 pEDCs were detected, and several less-frequently-detected pEDCs (<75%) were more commonly detected in off- compared to on-duty dog tags (conditional logistic regression). Of the 11 phthalates and fragrances detected most frequently (>75%), off-duty pEDC concentrations were strongly correlated (r = 0.31-0.82, p < 0.05), suggesting co-applications of phthalates and fragrances in consumer products. Questionnaire variables of "regular use of conventional cleaning products" and "fireplace in the home" were associated with select elevated pEDC concentrations by duty shift (paired t-test). This suggested researchers should include detailed questions about consumer product use and home environment when examining personal pEDC exposures.

%B Environ Int %V 158 %P 106914 %8 2021 Oct 11 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106914 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Health %D 2021 %T Houston hurricane Harvey health (Houston-3H) study: assessment of allergic symptoms and stress after hurricane Harvey flooding. %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Panthagani, Kristen %A Sotelo, Jesus %A Gu, Xiangjun %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Luo, Dan Na %A Kristi L Hoffman %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Symanski, Elaine %A Kim A Anderson %A Petrosino, Joseph F %A Cheryl Walker %A Melissa Bondy %X

BACKGROUND: In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey caused unprecedented flooding across the greater Houston area. Given the potential for widespread flood-related exposures, including mold and sewage, and the emotional and mental toll caused by the flooding, we sought to evaluate the short- and long-term impact of flood-related exposures on the health of Houstonians. Our objectives were to assess the association of flood-related exposures with allergic symptoms and stress among Houston-area residents at two time points: within approximately 30 days (T1) and 12 months (T2) after Hurricane Harvey's landfall.

METHODS: The Houston Hurricane Harvey Health (Houston-3H) Study enrolled a total of 347 unique participants from four sites across Harris County at two times: within approximately 1-month of Harvey (T1, n = 206) and approximately 12-months after Harvey (T2, n = 266), including 125 individuals who participated at both time points. Using a self-administered questionnaire, participants reported details on demographics, flood-related exposures, and health outcomes, including allergic symptoms and stress.

RESULTS: The majority of participants reported hurricane-related flooding in their homes at T1 (79.1%) and T2 (87.2%) and experienced at least one allergic symptom after the hurricane (79.4% at T1 and 68.4% at T2). In general, flood-exposed individuals were at increased risk of upper respiratory tract allergic symptoms, reported at both the T1 and T2 time points, with exposures to dirty water and mold associated with increased risk of multiple allergic symptoms. The mean stress score of study participants at T1 was 8.0 ± 2.1 and at T2, 5.1 ± 3.2, on a 0-10 scale. Participants who experienced specific flood-related exposures reported higher stress scores when compared with their counterparts, especially 1 year after Harvey. Also, a supplementary paired-samples analysis showed that reports of wheezing, shortness of breath, and skin rash did not change between T1 and T2, though other conditions were less commonly reported at T2.

CONCLUSION: These initial Houston-3H findings demonstrate that flooding experiences that occurred as a consequence of Hurricane Harvey had lasting impacts on the health of Houstonians up to 1 year after the hurricane.

%B Environ Health %V 20 %P 9 %8 2021 Jan 19 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1186/s12940-021-00694-2 %0 Conference Paper %B International Society of Exposure Science 31st Annual Meeting %D 2021 %T Impact of Hurricane Harvey on Personal Chemical Exposure %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B International Society of Exposure Science 31st Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Oral Presentation %G eng %0 Conference Paper %B SETAC North America 42nd Annual Meeting %D 2021 %T Impact of Hurricane Harvey on Personal Chemical Exposure %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 42nd Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Oral Presentation %G eng %0 Conference Paper %B Society of Toxicology 60th Annual Meeting %D 2021 %T Individual chemical exposure to environmental contaminates in Harris County, TX from baseline to post Hurricane Harvey flooding. %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B Society of Toxicology 60th Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Poster %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2021 %T Investigation of Firefighter Exposures to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Using Silicone Dog-Tags %A Emily M Bonner %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %X

Firefighters provide critical services to communities around the world despite the occupational hazards that they face. One such hazard, is exposure to a suite of chemicals released during a fire. In particular, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a concerning class of chemicals, which persist in older building materials and electrical equipment (e.g. transformers). PCBs are recognized as endocrine disruptors, carcinogens, and developmental toxicants. Furthermore, some studies have shown structural firefighters to have elevated levels of PCBs in their serum. In this study, silicone passive samplers similar to military dog-tags worn around the neck were used to measure the bioavailable fraction of PCBs firefighters were exposed to while on- and off-duty. The dog-tags were worn by firefighters for a total of 30 24- hour shifts (n=57). These firefighters were from two different stations in the Kansas City metropolitan area, one of which had fewer than two calls to respond to per month on average (low call volume), and one that had more than 12 calls per month on average (high call volume). Additional questionnaire data was collected on number of fire attacks an individual participated in, demographics, and lifestyle information that might influence chemical exposures. The dog-tags were extracted using solvent and underwent solid phase extraction prior to instrumental analysis. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the extracts for 43 PCB congeners. PCBs were detected in sample extracts from 16 different firefighters, 12 of which were from the high call volume station. Out of 12 detected congeners, PCB 153 was the most frequently detected. Statistical analyses will be used to assess whether PCB concentrations were higher at the high versus low call volume department and while on- compared to off-duty. Finally, we will explore correlation between questionnaire data such as number of fire attacks, and firefighters’ individual PCB exposures. Although firefighters may be exposed to increased levels of PCBs in house fires, few studies have monitored these exposures. There are even fewer studies that measure dermal exposure, even though PCBs are known to be absorbed through and distributed to the skin. Given the hazards posed by PCBs, it is critical that we better understanding individual firefighters’ exposures to PCBs while on- and off-duty.

 

%B International Society of Exposure Science, Remote %8 08/2021 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J J Occup Environ Med %D 2021 %T Menstrual Cycle Patterns and Irregularities in Hired Latinx Child Farmworkers. %A Varnell, Rebecca R %A Arnold, Taylor J %A Sara A Quandt %A Jennifer W Talton %A Haiying Chen %A Miles, Christopher M %A Daniel, Stephanie S %A Sandberg, Joanne C %A Kim A Anderson %A Thomas A Arcury %X

PURPOSE: This study identifies the menstrual cycle irregularities of Latinx child and adolescent farmworkers.

METHODS: Child and adolescent farmworkers aged 13 to 20 years completed questionnaires about menstrual cycle patterns in 2019, and wore silicone passive collection wristbands for pesticide detection in 2018. Menstrual cycle irregularities were determined from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists committee opinion.

RESULTS: Half of participants experienced any menstrual cycle irregularity; the most frequent irregularities were cycle length (38.6%) and having gone 90 days or more without a menstrual period (20.4%). Pesticides were detected in 92.9% of the wristbands; most participants were exposed to an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) pesticide.

CONCLUSION: Half of Latinx children and adolescents hired farmworkers experience irregular menstrual cycles, and most are exposed to EDCs. Inclusion of occupational and menstrual histories in child and adolescent medical visits is critical.

%B J Occup Environ Med %V 63 %P 38-43 %8 2021 Jan 01 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002065 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2021 %T A Novel Approach to Forming Sufficiently Similar Mixtures from Environmental Exposure Data %A Briana N Rivera %A Christine C Ghetu %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Society of Toxicology %8 03/2021 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Am J Ind Med %D 2021 %T Pesticide exposure among Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina. %A Thomas A Arcury %A Haiying Chen %A Arnold, Taylor J %A Sara A Quandt %A Kim A Anderson %A Richard P Scott %A Jennifer W Talton %A Daniel, Stephanie S %X

BACKGROUND: Although pesticides have adverse effects on child health and development, little research has examined pesticide exposure among child farmworkers. This analysis addresses two specific aims: (1) describes pesticide exposure among Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina, and (2) delineates factors associated with this pesticide exposure.

METHODS: In 2018 (n = 173) and 2019 (n = 156) Latinx child farmworkers completed interviews and wore silicone wristbands for a single day to measure pesticide exposure. Wristbands were analyzed for 70 pesticides.

RESULTS: Most Latinx child farmworkers were exposed to multiple pesticides; the most frequent were pyrethroids (69.9% in 2018, 67.9% in 2019), organochlorines (51.4% in 2018, 55.1% in 2019), and organophosphates (51.4% in 2018, 34.0% in 2019). Children were exposed to a mean of 2.15 pesticide classes in 2018 and 1.91 in 2019, and to a mean of 4.06 pesticides in 2018 and 3.34 in 2019. Younger children (≤15 years) had more detections than older children; children not currently engaged in farm work had more detections than children currently engaged in farm work. Migrant child farmworkers had more detections than nonmigrants. For specific pesticides with at least 20 detections, detections and concentrations were generally greater among children not currently engaged in farm work than children currently engaged.

CONCLUSIONS: Children who live in farmworker communities are exposed to a plethora of pesticides. Although further research is needed to document the extent of pesticide exposure and its health consequences, sufficient information is available to inform the policy needed to eliminate this pesticide exposure in agricultural communities.

%B Am J Ind Med %8 2021 May 25 %G eng %R 10.1002/ajim.23258 %0 Conference Paper %B International Society of Exposure Science 31st Annual Meeting %D 2021 %T The value of wristband data for disaster research response %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B International Society of Exposure Science 31st Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Oral Presentation %G eng %0 Generic %D 2020 %T Assessing PAH chemical movement %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B FSES Data Update with Cascadia, LLC and Port of Columbia, Virtual %8 10/2020 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2020 %T Assessing PAH diffusive and advective flux contributions and temporality in the environment %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B NIEHS Superfund Research Program 2020 Annual Meeting, Virtual %8 12/2020 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2020 %T A Comparative Approach to Evaluating Bioactivity of Representative Mixtures %A Briana N Rivera %A Christine C Ghetu %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Protecting Our Water Future for Human and Environmental Health %8 01/2020 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2020 %T A Comparative Approach to Evaluating Bioactivity of Representative Mixtures %A Briana N Rivera %A Christine C Ghetu %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Protecting Our Water Future for Human and Environmental Health %8 01/2020 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2020 %T Discovery of Firefighter Chemical Exposures Using Military-Style Silicone Dog Tags %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Sara A Jahnke %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B 10th Annual OSU EMT Research Day, Corvallis, OR %8 1/2020 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Int %D 2020 %T Discovery of firefighter chemical exposures using military-style silicone dog tags. %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %X

Occupational chemical hazards in the fire service are hypothesized to play a role in increased cancer risk, and reliable sampling technologies are necessary for conducting firefighter chemical exposure assessments. This study presents the military-style dog tag as a new configuration of silicone passive sampling device to sample individual firefighters' exposures at one high and one low fire call volume department in the Kansas City, Missouri metropolitan area. The recruited firefighters (n = 56) wore separate dog tags to assess on- and off-duty exposures (n = 110), for a total of 30 24 h shifts. Using a 63 PAH method (GC-MS/MS), the tags detected 45 unique PAHs, of which 18 have not been previously reported as firefighting exposures. PAH concentrations were higher for on- compared to off-duty tags (0.25 < Cohen's d ≤ 0.80) and for the high compared to the low fire call volume department (0.25 ≤ d < 0.70). Using a 1530 analyte screening method (GC-MS), di-n-butyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, guaiacol, and DEET were commonly detected analytes. The number of fire attacks a firefighter participated in was more strongly correlated with PAH concentrations than firefighter rank or years in the fire service. This suggested that quantitative data should be employed for firefighter exposure assessments, rather than surrogate measures. Because several detected analytes are listed as possible carcinogens, future firefighter exposure studies should consider evaluating complex mixtures to assess individual health risks.

%B Environ Int %V 142 %P 105818 %8 2020 Jun 07 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105818 %0 Journal Article %J Sci Total Environ %D 2020 %T Environmental surveillance and adverse neonatal health outcomes in foals born near unconventional natural gas development activity. %A Kathleen Mullen %A Briana N Rivera %A Lane G Tidwell %A Renata Ivanek %A Kim A Anderson %A Dorothy Ainsworth %K Animals %K Animals, Newborn %K Environmental Monitoring %K Female %K Horses %K Humans %K Infant, Newborn %K Male %K Natural Gas %K New York %K Outcome Assessment, Health Care %K Pennsylvania %K Pregnancy %X

Studies of neonatal health risks of unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) have not included comprehensive assessments of environmental chemical exposures. We investigated a clustering of dysphagic cases in neonatal foals born between 2014 and 2016 in an area of active UNGD in Pennsylvania (PA),USA. We evaluated equine biological data and environmental exposures on the affected PA farm and an unaffected New York (NY) farm owned by the same proprietor. Dams either spent their entire gestation on one farm or moved to the other farm in late gestation. Over the 21-month study period, physical examinations and blood/tissue samples were obtained from mares and foals on each farm. Grab samples of water, pasture soil and feed were collected; continuous passive sampling of air and water for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was performed. Dysphagia was evaluated as a binary variable; logistic regression was used to identify risk factors. Sixty-five foals were born, 17 (all from PA farm) were dysphagic. Odds of dysphagia increased with the dam residing on the PA farm for each additional month of gestation (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2, 1.7, p = 6.0E-04). Males were more likely to be born dysphagic (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.2, 24.5, p = 0.03) than females. Prior to installation of a water filtration/treatment system, PA water concentrations of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (p = 6.0E-03), fluoranthene (p = 0.03), pyrene (p = 0.02) and triphenylene (p = 0.01) exceeded those in NY water. Compared to NY farm water, no concentrations of PAHs were higher in PA following installation of the water filtration/treatment system. We provide evidence of an uncommon adverse health outcome (dysphagia) in foals born near UNGD that was eliminated in subsequent years (2017-2019) following environmental management changes. Notably, this study demonstrates that domestic large animals such as horses can serve as important sentinels for human health risks associated with UNGD activities.

%B Sci Total Environ %V 731 %P 138497 %8 2020 Aug 20 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138497 %0 Conference Paper %B International Society of Exposure Science 30th Annual Meeting %D 2020 %T Individual chemical exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals during the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Mark E Peterson %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B International Society of Exposure Science 30th Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Poster %G eng %0 Conference Paper %B Society of Toxicology 59th Annual Meeting %D 2020 %T Individual chemical exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals during the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B Society of Toxicology 59th Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Poster %G eng %0 Conference Paper %B International Society of Exposure Science 30th Annual Meeting %D 2020 %T Individual chemical exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals during the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey %A Samantha Samon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Abiodun O Oluyomi %A Cheryl Walker %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Melissa Bondy %A Kim A Anderson %B International Society of Exposure Science 30th Annual Meeting %C Virtual, Oral Presentation %G eng %0 Generic %D 2020 %T A Novel Approach to Forming Sufficiently Similar Mixtures From Environmental Exposure Data %A Briana N Rivera %A Christine C Ghetu %A Kaley A Adams %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Pacific Northwest Association of Toxicologists Annual Meeting %8 11/2020 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2020 %T A Novel Approach to Forming Sufficiently Similar Mixtures from Environmental Exposure Data %A Briana N Rivera %A Christine C Ghetu %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Superfund Research Center Annual Meeting %8 12/2020 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Sci Total Environ %D 2020 %T Pesticide exposure among Latinx children: Comparison of children in rural, farmworker and urban, non-farmworker communities. %A Thomas A Arcury %A Haiying Chen %A Sara A Quandt %A Jennifer W Talton %A Kim A Anderson %A Richard P Scott %A Jensen, Anna %A Paul J Laurienti %X

Personal pesticide exposure is not well characterized among children in vulnerable, immigrant communities. We used silicone wristbands in 2018-2019 to assess pesticide exposure in 8 year old Latinx boys and girls in rural, farmworker families (n = 73) and urban, non-farmworker families (n = 60) living in North Carolina who were enrolled in the PACE5 Study, a community-based participatory research study. We determined the detection and concentrations (ng/g) of 75 pesticides and pesticide degradation products in the silicone wristbands worn for one week using gas chromatography electron capture detection and employed gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Differences by personal and family characteristics were tested using analysis of variance or Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests when necessary. Pesticide concentrations above the limit of detection were analyzed, and reported as geometric means and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The most frequently detected pesticide classes were organochlorines (85.7%), pyrethroids (65.4%), and organophosphates (59.4%), with the most frequently detected specific pesticides being alpha-chlordane (69.2%), trans-nonachlor (67.7%), gamma-chlordane (66.2%), chlorpyrifos (54.9%), cypermethrin (49.6%), and trans-permethrin (39.1%). More of those children in urban, non-farmworker families had detections of organochlorines (93.3% vs. 79.5, p = 0.0228) and pyrethroids (75.0% vs. 57.5%, p = 0.0351) than did those in rural, farmworker families; more children in rural, farmworker families had detections for organophosphates (71.2% vs. 45.0%, p= 0.0022). Children in urban, non-farmworker families had greater concentrations of alpha-chlordane (geometric mean (GM) 18.98, 95% CI 14.14, 25.47 vs. 10.25, 95% CI 7.49, 14.03; p= 0.0055) and dieldrin (GM 17.38, 95% CI 12.78 23.62 vs. 8.10, 95% CI 5.47, 12.00; p= 0.0034) than did children in rural, farmworker families. These results support the position that pesticides are ubiquitous in the living environment for children in vulnerable, immigrant communities, and argue for greater effort in documenting the widespread nature of pesticide exposure among children, with greater effort to reduce pesticide exposure.

%B Sci Total Environ %V 763 %P 144233 %8 2020 Dec 29 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144233 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2020 %T Silicone Pet Tags Associate Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-Isopropyl) Phosphate Exposures with Feline Hyperthyroidism %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B 10th Annual OSU EMT Research Day, Corvallis, OR %8 1/2020 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2020 %T Silicone Wristband Samplers Used to Evaluate Firefighter PPE Designs to Mitigate Fireground Chemical Exposures %A Emily M Bonner %A Gavin P Horn %A Denise L Smith %A Stephen Kerber %A Richard P Scott %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B International Society of Exposure Science, Remote %8 09/2020 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2020 %T Time-Integrated Exposures to Identify Chemical Profiles between Health and Dysphagic Foals %A Briana N Rivera %E K. Mullen %Y Lane G Tidwell %? R. Ivanek %? D. Ainsworth %? Kim A Anderson %B Society of Toxicology %8 03/2020 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2019 %T Assessing flux of PAHs across sediment-water and water-air phases at a legacy creosote site in the Pacific Northwest, US. %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B Environmental Public Health in the 21st Century Research Symposium, Oregon State University Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Research Day, Corvallis, OR %8 01/2019 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Health Perspect %D 2019 %T Constituents of Household Air Pollution and Risk of Lung Cancer among Never-Smoking Women in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. %A Vermeulen, Roel %A Downward, George S %A Zhang, Jinming %A Hu, Wei %A Portengen, Lützen %A Bassig, Bryan A %A Hammond, S Katharine %A Wong, Jason Y Y %A Li, Jihua %A Reiss, Boris %A He, Jun %A Tian, Linwei %A Yang, Kaiyun %A Seow, Wei Jie %A Xu, Jun %A Kim A Anderson %A Ji, Bu-Tian %A Silverman, Debra %A Chanock, Stephen %A Huang, Yunchao %A Rothman, Nathaniel %A Lan, Qing %X

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer rates among never-smoking women in Xuanwei and Fuyuan in China are among the highest in the world and have been attributed to the domestic use of smoky (bituminous) coal for heating and cooking. However, the key components of coal that drive lung cancer risk have not been identified.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the relationship between lifelong exposure to the constituents of smoky coal (and other fuel types) and lung cancer.

METHODS: Using a population-based case-control study of lung cancer among 1,015 never-smoking female cases and 485 controls, we examined the association between exposure to 43 household air pollutants and lung cancer. Pollutant predictions were derived from a comprehensive exposure assessment study, which included methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have never been directly evaluated in an epidemiological study of any cancer. Hierarchical clustering and penalized regression were applied in order to address high colinearity in exposure variables.

RESULTS: The strongest association with lung cancer was for a cluster of 25 PAHs [odds ratio (OR): 2.21; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.67, 2.87 per 1 standard deviation (SD) change], within which 5-methylchrysene (5-MC), a mutagenic and carcinogenic PAH, had the highest individual observed OR (5.42; 95% CI: 0.94, 27.5). A positive association with nitrogen dioxide ([Formula: see text]) was also observed (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.19, 3.49). By contrast, neither benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) nor fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) were associated with lung cancer in the multipollutant models.

CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively evaluate the association between lung cancer and household air pollution (HAP) constituents estimated over the entire life course. Given the global ubiquity of coal use domestically for indoor cooking and heating and commercially for electric power generation, our study suggests that more extensive monitoring of coal combustion products, including methylated PAHs, may be warranted to more accurately assess health risks and develop prevention strategies from this exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4913.

%B Environ Health Perspect %V 127 %P 97001 %8 2019 Sep %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1289/EHP4913 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2019 %T Determining Environmental Exposure Profiles of Health and Dysphagic Foals %A Briana N Rivera %A Kathleen Mullen %A Lane G Tidwell %A Renata Ivanek %A Dorothy Ainsworth %A Susan C Tilton %A Kim A Anderson %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America, Toronto, ON %8 11/2019 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2019 %T Determining Environmental Exposure Profiles of Health and Dysphagic Foals %A Briana N Rivera %A Kathleen Mullen %A Lane G Tidwell %A Renata Ivanek %A Dorothy Ainsworth %A Susan C Tilton %A Kim A Anderson %B Superfund Research Program, Seattle, WA %8 11/2019 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2019 %T Discovery of common chemical exposures across three continents using silicone wristbands %A Holly Dixon %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Michael L Barton %A Alan J Bergmann %A Melissa Bondy %A Mary L Halbleib %A Erin N Haynes %A Julie Herbstman %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Peter D Hoffman %A Paul C Jepson %A Molly Kile %A Laurel D Kincl %A Paul J Laurienti %A Paula E North %A LB Paulik %A Petrosino, Joe %A Points, Gary L %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Diana Rohlman %A Richard P Scott %A Brian W Smith %A Lane G Tidwell %A Cheryl Walker %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %B EMT Research Day, Corvallis, OR %C Corvallis, OR %8 01/2019 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J R Soc Open Sci %D 2019 %T Discovery of common chemical exposures across three continents using silicone wristbands. %A Holly Dixon %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Michael L Barton %A Alan J Bergmann %A Melissa Bondy %A Mary L Halbleib %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Erin N Haynes %A Julie Herbstman %A Peter D Hoffman %A Paul C Jepson %A Molly Kile %A Laurel D Kincl %A Paul J Laurienti %A Paula E North %A Paulik, L Blair %A Petrosino, Joe %A Points, Gary L %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Diana Rohlman %A Richard P Scott %A Brian W Smith %A Lane G Tidwell %A Cheryl Walker %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %X

To assess differences and trends in personal chemical exposure, volunteers from 14 communities in Africa (Senegal, South Africa), North America (United States (U.S.)) and South America (Peru) wore 262 silicone wristbands. We analysed wristband extracts for 1530 unique chemicals, resulting in 400 860 chemical data points. The number of chemical detections ranged from 4 to 43 per wristband, with 191 different chemicals detected, and 1339 chemicals were not detected in any wristband. No two wristbands had identical chemical detections. We detected 13 potential endocrine disrupting chemicals in over 50% of all wristbands and found 36 chemicals in common between chemicals detected in three geographical wristband groups (Africa, North America and South America). U.S. children (less than or equal to 11 years) had the highest percentage of flame retardant detections compared with all other participants. Wristbands worn in Texas post-Hurricane Harvey had the highest mean number of chemical detections (28) compared with other study locations (10-25). Consumer product-related chemicals and phthalates were a high percentage of chemical detections across all study locations (36-53% and 18-42%, respectively). Chemical exposures varied among individuals; however, many individuals were exposed to similar chemical mixtures. Our exploratory investigation uncovered personal chemical exposure trends that can help prioritize certain mixtures and chemical classes for future studies.

%B R Soc Open Sci %V 6 %P 181836 %8 02/2019 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1098/rsos.181836 %0 Generic %D 2019 %T Discovery of Firefighter chemical Exposures Using Military-Style Silicone Dog Tags %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B Military Health System Research Symposium, Kissimmee, FL %8 08/2019 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2019 %T Discovery of Firefighter Chemical Exposures using Military-Style Silicone Dog Tags %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 40th Annual Meeting, Toronto, ON %8 11/2019 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2019 %T Evaluating Toxicity of Inhalation Exposure to Unconventional Natural Gas Drilling %A Briana N Rivera %A Lane G Tidwell %A Carey E Donald %A Yvonne Chang %A Kathleen Mullen %A Dorothy Ainsworth %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Society of Toxicology National Conference, Baltimore, MD %8 03/2019 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2019 %T Evaluating Toxicity of Inhalation Exposure to Unconventional Natural Gas Drilling %A Briana N Rivera %A Lane G Tidwell %A Carey E Donald %A Yvonne Chang %A Kathleen Mullen %A Dorothy Ainsworth %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Society of Toxicology National Conference, Baltimore, MD %8 03/2019 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2019 %T How Should We Approach Forming Representative Mixtures? %A Briana N Rivera %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Environmental Health Sciences Colloquim, Corvallis OR %8 09/2019 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol Lett %D 2019 %T Indoor versus Outdoor Air Quality during Wildfires. %A Messier, K P %A Lane G Tidwell %A Christine C Ghetu %A Diana Rohlman %A Richard P Scott %A Lisa M Bramer %A Holly Dixon %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %X

The human behavioral modification recommendations during wildfire events are based on particulate matter and may be confounded by the potential risks of gas-phase pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Moreover, the majority of adults spend over 90 percent of their time indoors where there is an increased concern of indoor air quality during wildfire events. We address these timely concerns by evaluating paired indoor and outdoor PAH concentrations in residential locations and their relationship with satellite model-based categorization of wildfire smoke intensity. Low-density polyethylene passive air samplers were deployed at six urban sites for 1 week in Eugene, Oregon with matched indoor and outdoor samples and 24 h time resolution. Samples were then quantitatively analyzed for 63 PAH concentrations using gas-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A probabilistic principal components analysis was used to reduce all 63 PAHs into an aggregate measure. Linear regression of the first principal component against indoor versus outdoor shows that indoor gas-phase PAH concentrations are consistently equal to or greater than outdoor concentrations. Regression against a satellite-based model for wildfire smoke shows that outdoor, but not indoor gas-phase PAH concentrations are likely associated with wildfire events. These results point toward the need to include gas-phase pollutants such as PAHs in air pollution risk assessment.

%B Environ Sci Technol Lett %V 6 %P 696-701 %8 2019 Dec 10 %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00599 %0 Generic %D 2019 %T NIEHS Extramural Paper of the Month: Flame retardant linked to hyperthyroidism in cats %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, https://factor.niehs.nih.gov/2019/9/papers/dert/index.htm %8 09/2019 %G eng %U https://factor.niehs.nih.gov/2019/9/papers/dert/index.htm %0 Generic %D 2019 %T SETAC Best Student Platform Award (3rd Place): Foster (Sonny) Mayer PhD Category %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 40th Annual Meeting, Toronto, ON %8 11/2019 %G eng %U https://awards.setac.org/best-student-presentation/ %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2019 %T Silicone Dog Tags Detect Firefighter Chemical Exposures %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Sara A Jahnke %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B 9th Annual OSU EMT Research Day, Corvallis, OR %8 1/2019 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2019 %T Silicone Pet Tags Associate Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-Isopropyl) Phosphate Exposures with Feline Hyperthyroidism %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B Oregon State University, Environmental Health Science Center July Colloquium, Corvallis, OR %8 07/2019 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2019 %T Silicone Pet Tags Associate Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-Isopropyl) Phosphate Exposures with Feline Hyperthyroidism %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 40th Annual Meeting, Toronto, ON %8 11/2019 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2019 %T Silicone Pet Tags Associate Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) Phosphate Exposures with Feline Hyperthyroidism. %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %K Animals %K Cats %K Flame Retardants %K Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers %K Hyperthyroidism %K New York %K Oregon %K Organophosphates %K Phosphates %K Silicones %X

Feline hyperthyroidism is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine-related disease among senior and geriatric housecats, but the causes remain unknown. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds with thyroid targets, such as flame retardants (FRs), may contribute to disease development. Silicone passive sampling devices, or pet tags, quantitatively assessed the bioavailable FR exposures of 78 cats (≥7 y) in New York and Oregon using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pet tags were analyzed for 36 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, six organophosphate esters (OPEs), and two alternative brominated FRs. In nonhyperthyroid cats, serum free thyroxine (fT), total T (TT), total triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations were compared with FR concentrations. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) concentrations were higher in hyperthyroid pet tags in comparison to nonhyperthyroid pet tags (adjusted odds ratio, < 0.07; Mantel-Cox, < 0.02). Higher TDCIPP concentrations were associated with air freshener use in comparison to no use ( < 0.01), residences built since 2005 compared to those pre-1989 ( < 0.002), and cats preferring to spend time on upholstered furniture in comparison to no preference ( < 0.05). Higher TDCIPP concentrations were associated with higher fT and TT concentrations ( < 0.05). This study provides proof-of-concept data for the use of silicone pet tags with companion animals and further indicates that bioavailable TDCIPP exposures are associated with feline hyperthyroidism.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 53 %P 9203-9213 %8 2019 Aug 06 %G eng %N 15 %R 10.1021/acs.est.9b02226 %0 Journal Article %J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %D 2019 %T Toxicokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in humans: Extensive metabolism as determined by UPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry following oral micro-dosing. %A Erin Madeen %A Siddens, Lisbeth K %A Sandra Uesugi %A McQuistan, Tammie %A Corley, Richard A %A Jordan Smith %A Katrina M Waters %A Susan C Tilton %A Kim A Anderson %A Ted J Ognibene %A Kenneth Turteltaub %A Williams, David E %X

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), is a known human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) class 1). The remarkable sensitivity (zepto-attomole C in biological samples) of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) makes possible, with de minimus risk, pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis following [C]-BaP micro-dosing of humans. A 46 ng (5 nCi) dose was given thrice to 5 volunteers with minimum 2 weeks between dosing and plasma collected over 72 h. [C]-BaP PK analysis gave plasma T and C values of 1.25 h and 29-82 fg/mL, respectively. PK parameters were assessed by non- compartment and compartment models. Intervals between dosing ranged from 20 to 420 days and had little impact on intra-individual variation. DNA, extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 4 volunteers, showed measurable levels (LOD ~ 0.5 adducts/10 nucleotides) in two individuals 2-3 h post-dose, approximately three orders of magnitude lower than smokers or occupationally-exposed individuals. Little or no DNA binding was detectable at 48-72 h. In volunteers the allelic variants CYP1B1, or and GSTM1 or had no impact on [C]-BaP PK or DNA adduction with this very limited sample. Plasma metabolites over 72 h from two individuals (one CYP1B1 and one CYP1B1) were analyzed by UPLC-AMS. In both individuals, parent [C]-BaP was a minor constituent even at the earliest time points and metabolite profiles markedly distinct. AMS, coupled with UPLC, could be used in humans to enhance the accuracy of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics and risk assessment of environmental carcinogens.

%B Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %V 364 %P 97-105 %8 2019 Feb 01 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.010 %0 Generic %D 2019 %T Using Passive Samplers to Evaluate Inhalation Exposure %A Briana N Rivera %A Kathleen Mullen %A Lane G Tidwell %A Renata Ivanek %A Dorothy Ainsworth %A Susan C Tilton %A Kim A Anderson %B Military Health System Research Symposium, Kissimmee, FL %8 08/2019 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2018 %T Assessing flux of PAHs across sediment-water and water-air phases at a legacy creosote site in St. Helens, Oregon %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B 27th PNW-SETAC Annual Conference, Corvallis, OR %8 03/2018 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Assessing flux of PAHs across sediment-water and water-air phases at a legacy creosote site in the Pacific Northwest, US %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %B 3rd Tribal Environmental Health Summit, Corvallis, OR %8 06/2018 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2018 %T Assessing flux of PAHs across sediment-water and water-air phases at a legacy creosote site in the Pacific Northwest, US %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 39th Annual Meeting, Sacremento, CA %8 11/2018 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Assessing flux of PAHs across sediment-water and water-air phases at a legacy creosote site in the Pacific Northwest, US. %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B NIEHS Superfund Research Program 2018 Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA. %8 11/2018 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2018 %T Assessing flux of PAHs across sediment-water and water-air phases at a legacy creosote site in the Pacific Northwest, US %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Kim A Anderson %B FSES External Advisory Committee Meeting, Yachats, OR %8 10/2018 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2018 %T Assessing flux of PAHs across sediment-water and water-air phases at a legacy creosote site in the Pacific Northwest, US %A Christine C Ghetu %A D James Minick %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B 9th Annual Research Day, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Corvallis, OR %8 01/2018 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Arch Toxicol %D 2018 %T Comparative developmental toxicity of a comprehensive suite of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. %A Mitra Geier %A Chlebowski, Anna C %A Truong, Lisa %A Staci M Simonich %A Kim A Anderson %A Robyn L Tanguay %K Animals %K Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 %K Embryo, Nonmammalian %K Larva %K Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons %K Toxicity Tests %K Zebrafish %X

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants that occur in complex mixtures. Several PAHs are known or suspected mutagens and/or carcinogens, but developmental toxicity data is lacking for PAHs, particularly their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives. Such data are necessary to understand and predict the toxicity of environmental mixtures. 123 PAHs were assessed for morphological and neurobehavioral effects for a range of concentrations between 0.1 and 50 µM, using a high throughput early-life stage zebrafish assay, including 33 parent, 22 nitrated, 17 oxygenated, 19 hydroxylated, 14 methylated, 16 heterocyclic, and 2 aminated PAHs. Additionally, each PAH was evaluated for AHR activation, by assessing CYP1A protein expression using whole animal immunohistochemistry (IHC). Responses to PAHs varied in a structurally dependent manner. High-molecular weight PAHs were significantly more developmentally toxic than the low-molecular weight PAHs, and CYP1A expression was detected in five distinct tissues, including vasculature, liver, skin, neuromasts and yolk.

%B Arch Toxicol %V 92 %P 571-586 %8 2018 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s00204-017-2068-9 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Comparing chemical exposures across diverse communities using silicone wristbands %A Holly Dixon %A Alan J Bergmann %A Mary L Halbleib %A Erin N Haynes %A Julie Herbstman %A Peter D Hoffman %A Paul C Jepson %A Molly Kile %A Laurel D Kincl %A Paul J Laurienti %A Paula E North %A LB Paulik %A Points, Gary L %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Diana Rohlman %A Richard P Scott %A Smith BW %A Lane G Tidwell %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %B 3rd Tribal Environmental Health Summit, Corvallis, OR %C Corvallis, Oregon %8 06/2018 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Comparing Chemical Exposures Across Diverse Communities Using Silicone Wristbands %A Holly Dixon %A Bergmann AJ %A Mary L Halbleib %A Erin N Haynes %A Julie Herbstman %A Peter D Hoffman %A Paul C Jepson %A Molly Kile %A Laurel D Kincl %A Paul J Laurienti %A Paula E North %A LB Paulik %A Points, Gary L %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Diana Rohlman %A Richard P Scott %A Brian W Smith %A Lane G Tidwell %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %B Total Exposure Health Conference, Bethesda, MD %8 09/2018 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2018 %T Discovery of common chemical exposures across three continents using silicone wristbands %A Holly Dixon %A Armstrong, Georgina %A Michael L Barton %A Bergmann AJ %A Melissa Bondy %A Mary L Halbleib %A Erin N Haynes %A Julie Herbstman %A Winnifred Hamilton %A Peter D Hoffman %A Paul C Jepson %A Molly Kile %A Laurel D Kincl %A Paul J Laurienti %A Paula E North %A LB Paulik %A Petrosino, Joe %A Points, Gary L %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Diana Rohlman %A Richard P Scott %A Brian W Smith %A Lane G Tidwell %A Cheryl Walker %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %B FSES External Advisory Committee Meeting, Yachats, OR %8 10/2018 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Evaluating Toxicity Associated with Inhalation Exposure to Unconventional Natural Gas Drilling %A Briana N Rivera %A Lane G Tidwell %A Yvonne Chang %A Carey E Donald %A Kathleen Mullen %A Dorothy Ainsworth %A Richard P Scott %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Environmental Public Health in the 21st Century Research Symposium %8 01/2018 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2018 %T A Novel Approach for Measuring Firefighter Occupational Chemical Exposures %A Lane G Tidwell %E Carolyn M Poutasse %E Walker S Carlos Poston %E Christopher K Haddock %E Sara A Jahnke %E Kim A Anderson %B FEMA, Assistance to Firefighters Meeting, Houston, TX %8 08/2018 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Food Chem Toxicol %D 2018 %T Pharmacokinetics of [C]-Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in humans: Impact of Co-Administration of smoked salmon and BaP dietary restriction. %A Hummel, Jessica M %A Erin Madeen %A Siddens, Lisbeth K %A Sandra Uesugi %A McQuistan, Tammie %A Kim A Anderson %A Kenneth Turteltaub %A Ted J Ognibene %A Bench, Graham %A Krueger, Sharon K %A Stuart Harris %A Jordan Smith %A Susan C Tilton %A Baird, William M %A Williams, David E %K Adult %K Aged %K Animals %K Benzo(a)pyrene %K Carbon Radioisotopes %K Carcinogens %K Cooking %K Female %K Fish Products %K Food Safety %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons %K Salmon %K Young Adult %X

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is a known human carcinogen. In non-smoking adults greater than 95% of BaP exposure is through diet. The carcinogenicity of BaP is utilized by the U.S. EPA to assess relative potency of complex PAH mixtures. PAH relative potency factors (RPFs, BaP = 1) are determined from high dose animal data. We employed accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to determine pharmacokinetics of [C]-BaP in humans following dosing with 46 ng (an order of magnitude lower than human dietary daily exposure and million-fold lower than animal cancer models). To assess the impact of co-administration of food with a complex PAH mixture, humans were dosed with 46 ng of [C]-BaP with or without smoked salmon. Subjects were asked to avoid high BaP-containing diets and a 3-day dietary questionnaire given to assess dietary exposure prior to dosing and three days post-dosing with [C]-BaP. Co-administration of smoked salmon, containing a complex mixture of PAHs with an RPF of 460 ng BaP, reduced and delayed absorption. Administration of canned commercial salmon, containing very low amounts of PAHs, showed the impacts on pharmacokinetics were not due to high amounts of PAHs but rather a food matrix effect.

%B Food Chem Toxicol %V 115 %P 136-147 %8 2018 May %G eng %R 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.003 %0 Generic %D 2018 %T Rapid deployment of passive sampling wristbands in response to Hurricane Harvey; Community engagement and reporting. %A Peter D Hoffman %A Holly Dixon %A Diana Rohlman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Michael L Barton %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC %8 11/2018 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Silicone Cat Tags Detect Feline Flame Retardant Exposures %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B OSU Superfund Research Program External Advisory Council Meeting, Carson, WA %8 03/2018 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Silicone Cat Tags Detect Feline Flame Retardant Exposures %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B Joint Meeting of the International Society of Exposure Science and International Society of Environmental Epidemiology, Ottawa, ON %8 08/2018 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Silicone Dog Tags Examine Occupational Firefighter Chemical Exposures %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Walker S Carlos Poston %A Sara A Jahnke %A Christopher K Haddock %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B Total Exposure Health, Bethesda, MD %8 09/2018 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %D 2018 %T Systematic developmental neurotoxicity assessment of a representative PAH Superfund mixture using zebrafish. %A Mitra Geier %A D James Minick %A Truong, Lisa %A Susan C Tilton %A Pande, Paritosh %A Kim A Anderson %A JG Teeguarden %A Robyn L Tanguay %X

Superfund sites often consist of complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It is widely recognized that PAHs pose risks to human and environmental health, but the risks posed by exposure to PAH mixtures are unclear. We constructed an environmentally relevant PAH mixture with the top 10 most prevalent PAHs (SM10) from a Superfund site derived from environmental passive sampling data. Using the zebrafish model, we measured body burden at 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) and evaluated the developmental and neurotoxicity of SM10 and the 10 individual constituents at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf) and 5 days post fertilization (dpf). Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 6 to 120 hpf to (1) the SM10 mixture, (2) a variety of individual PAHs: pyrene, fluoranthene, retene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluorene, and 2-methylnaphthalene. We demonstrated that SM10 and only 3 of the individual PAHs were developmentally toxic. Subsequently, we constructed and exposed developing zebrafish to two sub-mixtures: SM3 (comprised of 3 of the developmentally toxicity PAHs) and SM7 (7 non-developmentally toxic PAHs). We found that the SM3 toxicity profile was similar to SM10, and SM7 unexpectedly elicited developmental toxicity unlike that seen with its individual components. The results demonstrated that the overall developmental toxicity in the mixtures could be explained using the general concentration addition model. To determine if exposures activated the AHR pathway, spatial expression of CYP1A was evaluated in the 10 individual PAHs and the 3 mixtures at 5 dpf. Results showed activation of AHR in the liver and vasculature for the mixtures and some individual PAHs. Embryos exposed to SM10 during development and raised in chemical-free water into adulthood exhibited decreased learning and responses to startle stimulus indicating that developmental SM10 exposures affect neurobehavior. Collectively, these results exemplify the utility of zebrafish to investigate the developmental and neurotoxicity of complex mixtures.

%B Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %8 2018 Apr 06 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.029 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Using passive samplers and 3D bronchial epithelium to determine toxicity associated with natural gas drilling %A Briana N Rivera %A Lane G Tidwell %A Carey E Donald %A Kathleen Mullen %A Dorothy Ainsworth %A Richard P Scott %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing Fall Conference %8 10/2018 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Using passive samplers and 3D bronchial epithelium to determine toxicity associated with natural gas drilling %A Briana N Rivera %A Lane G Tidwell %A Carey E Donald %A Kathleen Mullen %A Dorothy Ainsworth %A Richard P Scott %A Kim A Anderson %A Susan C Tilton %B Pacific Northwest Association of Toxicologists (PANWAT), Bothell, Wa %8 10/2018 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2018 %T Wearable Silicone Passive Sampling Devices Explore Flame Retardant Exposures in Hyperthyroid Housecat Case-Control Study %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B Joint Meeting of the International Society of Exposure Science and International Society of Environmental Epidemiology, Ottawa, ON %8 08/2018 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2018 %T Wearable Silicone Passive Sampling Devices Reveal Flame Retardant Exposures in Case-Control Housecat Study %A Carolyn M Poutasse %A Julie Herbstman %A Mark E Peterson %A Jana Gordon %A Peter Soboroff %A Darrell Holmes %A Dezere Gonzalez %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B 3rd Tribal Environmental Health Summit, Corvallis, OR %8 06/2018 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Sci Total Environ %D 2017 %T Air-water exchange of PAHs and OPAHs at a superfund mega-site. %A Lane G Tidwell %A LB Paulik %A Kim A Anderson %X

Chemical fate is a concern at environmentally contaminated sites, but characterizing that fate can be difficult. Identifying and quantifying the movement of chemicals at the air-water interface are important steps in characterizing chemical fate. Superfund sites are often suspected sources of air pollution due to legacy sediment and water contamination. A quantitative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAH (OPAHs) diffusive flux in a river system that contains a Superfund Mega-site, and passes through residential, urban and agricultural land, has not been reported before. Here, passive sampling devices (PSDs) were used to measure 60 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 oxygenated PAH (OPAHs) in air and water. From these concentrations the magnitude and direction of contaminant flux between these two compartments was calculated. The magnitude of PAH flux was greater at sites near or within the Superfund Mega-site than outside of the Superfund Mega-site. The largest net individual PAH deposition at a single site was naphthalene at a rate of -14,200 (±5780) (ng/m(2))/day. The estimated one-year total flux of phenanthrene was -7.9×10(5) (ng/m(2))/year. Human health risk associated with inhalation of vapor phase PAHs and dermal exposure to PAHs in water were assessed by calculating benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations. Excess lifetime cancer risk estimates show potential increased risk associated with exposure to PAHs at sites within and in close proximity to the Superfund Mega-site. Specifically, estimated excess lifetime cancer risk associated with dermal exposure and inhalation of PAHs was above 1 in 1 million within the Superfund Mega-site. The predominant depositional flux profile observed in this study suggests that the river water in this Superfund site is largely a sink for airborne PAHs, rather than a source.

%B Sci Total Environ %8 2017 Mar 31 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.185 %0 Journal Article %J Annu Rev Public Health %D 2017 %T Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations. %A Turner, Michelle C %A Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark %A Kim A Anderson %A Balshaw, David %A Cui, Yuxia %A Dunton, Genevieve %A Hoppin, Jane A %A Koutrakis, Petros %A Jerrett, Michael %X

The exposome comprises all environmental exposures that a person experiences from conception throughout the life course. Here we review the state of the science for assessing external exposures within the exposome. This article reviews (a) categories of exposures that can be assessed externally, (b) the current state of the science in external exposure assessment, (c) current tools available for external exposure assessment, and (d) priority research needs. We describe major scientific and technological advances that inform external assessment of the exposome, including geographic information systems; remote sensing; global positioning system and geolocation technologies; portable and personal sensing, including smartphone-based sensors and assessments; and self-reported questionnaire assessments, which increasingly rely on Internet-based platforms. We also discuss priority research needs related to methodological and technological improvement, data analysis and interpretation, data sharing, and other practical considerations, including improved assessment of exposure variability as well as exposure in multiple, critical life stages.

%B Annu Rev Public Health %V 38 %P 215-239 %8 2017 Mar 20 %G eng %R 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012802 %0 Generic %D 2017 %T Hazard assessment of a PAH Superfund mixture in the zebrafish developmental toxicity mode %A D James Minick %A Mitra Geier %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %X
%B Pacific Northwest Chapter of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26th Annual Meeting %8 04/2017 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2017 %T Hazard assessment of a PAH Superfund mixture in the zebrafish developmental toxicity model %A D James Minick %A Mitra Geier %A Kim A Anderson %A Robyn L Tanguay %B Society of Toxicology 56th Annual Meeting %C Baltimore %8 03/2017 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2017 %T Leveraging passive sampling and unique equine population exposures to assess negative post-natal health outcomes %A Lane G Tidwell %E Carey E Donald %E Kathleen Mullen %E Kim A Anderson %X

In 2012 a high prevalence of neonatal foals born with neurological deficits (altered mentation and dysphagia) was observed at a farm located in Pennsylvania (PA) near a number of unconventional natural gas drilling (UNGD) sites.  The farm proprietor also owned another horse farm in New York (NY) that was not situated near UNGD sites. Newborn foals and mares on the NY farm did not exhibit similar health issues. Over the last 5 years the frequency of dysphagia in foals at the PA facility has increased from 25 to 92%.  From 2014 to 2016 passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed on brood mares at both farms continually, and PSDs were changed out every six weeks. PSDs were also deployed in the ambient air and in well water at each farm. . 

%B International Society of Exposure Science %8 10/2017 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol %D 2017 %T Preparation and performance features of wristband samplers and considerations for chemical exposure assessment. %A Kim A Anderson %A Points, Gary L %A Carey E Donald %A Holly Dixon %A Richard P Scott %A Glenn R Wilson %A Lane G Tidwell %A Peter D Hoffman %A Julie Herbstman %A Steven G O'Connell %X

Wristbands are increasingly used for assessing personal chemical exposures. Unlike some exposure assessment tools, guidelines for wristbands, such as preparation, applicable chemicals, and transport and storage logistics, are lacking. We tested the wristband's capacity to capture and retain 148 chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). The chemicals span a wide range of physical-chemical properties, with log octanol-air partitioning coefficients from 2.1 to 13.7. All chemicals were quantitatively and precisely recovered from initial exposures, averaging 102% recovery with relative SD ≤21%. In simulated transport conditions at +30 °C, SVOCs were stable up to 1 month (average: 104%) and VOC levels were unchanged (average: 99%) for 7 days. During long-term storage at -20 °C up to 3 (VOCs) or 6 months (SVOCs), all chemical levels were stable from chemical degradation or diffusional losses, averaging 110%. Applying a paired wristband/active sampler study with human participants, the first estimates of wristband-air partitioning coefficients for PAHs are presented to aid in environmental air concentration estimates. Extrapolation of these stability results to other chemicals within the same physical-chemical parameters is expected to yield similar results. As we better define wristband characteristics, wristbands can be better integrated in exposure science and epidemiological studies.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 26 July 2017; doi:10.1038/jes.2017.9.

%B J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol %8 2017 Jul 26 %G eng %R 10.1038/jes.2017.9 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Toxicol Chem %D 2017 %T Using passive sampling and zebrafish to identify developmental toxicants in complex mixtures. %A Alan J Bergmann %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %X

Using effects-directed analysis, we investigated associations previously observed between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and embryotoxicity in field-deployed low-density polyethylene (LDPE). We conducted effects-directed analysis using a zebrafish embryo assay and iterative fractionation of extracts of LDPE that were deployed in the Portland Harbor superfund megasite, Oregon (USA). Whole extracts induced toxicity including mortality, edema, and notochord distortion at 20% effect concentration (EC20) values of approximately 100, 100, and 10 mg LDPE/mL, respectively. Through fractionation, we determined that PAHs at concentrations similar to previous research did not contribute markedly to toxicity. We also eliminated pesticides, phthalates, musks, and other substances identified in toxic fractions by testing surrogate mixtures. We identified free fatty acids as lethal components of LDPE extracts and confirmed their toxicity with authentic standards. We found chromatographic evidence that dithiocarbamates are responsible for notochord and other sublethal effects, although exact matches were not obtained. Fatty acids and dithiocarbamates were previously unrecorded components of LDPE extracts and likely contribute to the toxicity of the whole mixture. The present study demonstrates the success of effects-directed analysis in nontargeted hazard identification using the zebrafish embryo test as a self-contained battery of bioassays that allows identification of multiple chemicals with different modes of action. This is the first effects-directed analysis to combine LDPE and zebrafish, approaches that are widely applicable to identifying developmental hazards in the bioavailable fraction of hydrophobic organic compounds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;9999:1-9. © 2017 SETAC.

%B Environ Toxicol Chem %8 2017 Mar 22 %G eng %R 10.1002/etc.3802 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2016 %T Air-Water Exchange of PAHs and OPAHs at a Superfund Mega-site %A Lane G Tidwell %A LB Paulik %A Kim A Anderson %K PAH OPAH Flux HHRA %X

Abstract:

Chemical fate is a concern at environmentally contaminated sites, but characterizing that fate can be difficult. An important component of characterizing fate is identifying and quantifying the movement of chemicals at the air-water interface.  Superfund sites are often suspected sources of air pollution due to legacy sediment and water contamination. A quantitative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and oxygenated PAH (OPAH) diffusive flux in a river system that contains a Superfund Mega-site, and passes through residential, urban and agricultural land, has not been reported before. Here, passive sampling devices (PSD) were used to measure 60 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) in the air and water. Human health risk associated with inhalation of vapor phase PAHs and dermal exposure to PAHs in water were assessed. Excess lifetime cancer risk estimates show potential increased risk at sites within and in close proximity to a Superfund Mega-site. Specifically, estimated excess lifetime cancer risk associated with inhaling PAHs was above 1 in 1 million within the Superfund Mega-site. We show the majority of PAHs and some OPAHs in the water are from airborne sources. The majority of PAHs detected in both environmental compartments, 16 out of 26, the direction of mass transfer at all five study sites was deposition. This suggests that the river water in this Superfund site is predominantly a sink for airborne PAHs and OPAHs, rather than a source.  

%B SETAC North America Orlando Florida %8 11/2016 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2016 %T Completing the Link between Exposure Science and Toxicology for Improved Environmental Health Decision Making: The Aggregate Exposure Pathway Framework. %A JG Teeguarden %A Tan, Yu-Mei %A Edwards, Stephen W %A Leonard, Jeremy A %A Kim A Anderson %A Corley, Richard A %A Molly Kile %A Staci M Simonich %A Stone, David %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Katrina M Waters %A Harper, Stacey L %A Williams, David E %X

Driven by major scientific advances in analytical methods, biomonitoring, computation, and a newly articulated vision for a greater impact in public health, the field of exposure science is undergoing a rapid transition from a field of observation to a field of prediction. Deployment of an organizational and predictive framework for exposure science analogous to the "systems approaches" used in the biological sciences is a necessary step in this evolution. Here we propose the aggregate exposure pathway (AEP) concept as the natural and complementary companion in the exposure sciences to the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept in the toxicological sciences. Aggregate exposure pathways offer an intuitive framework to organize exposure data within individual units of prediction common to the field, setting the stage for exposure forecasting. Looking farther ahead, we envision direct linkages between aggregate exposure pathways and adverse outcome pathways, completing the source to outcome continuum for more meaningful integration of exposure assessment and hazard identification. Together, the two frameworks form and inform a decision-making framework with the flexibility for risk-based, hazard-based, or exposure-based decision making.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 50 %P 4579-86 %8 05/2016 %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1021/acs.est.5b05311 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2016 %T Confirmation of free fatty acids as toxic components of passive sampling device extracts from Portland Harbor %A Alan J Bergmann %E Robyn L Tanguay %E Kim A Anderson %B EMT Research Day. Corvallis, OR. %C Corvallis, OR. %8 01.22.2016 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2016 %T Confirmation of Free Fatty Acids as Toxic Components of Passive Sampler Extracts from Portland Harbor %A Alan J Bergmann %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B Superfund Research Program External Advisory Council, Oregon State University %8 06/2016 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2016 %T Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Natural Gas Extraction into Air. %A LB Paulik %A Carey E Donald %A Brian W Smith %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Laurel D Kincl %A Erin N Haynes %A Kim A Anderson %X

Natural gas extraction, often referred to as "fracking", has increased rapidly in the United States in recent years. To address potential health impacts, passive air samplers were deployed in a rural community heavily affected by the natural gas boom. Samplers were analyzed for 62 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Results were grouped based on distance from each sampler to the nearest active well. Levels of benzo[a]pyrene, phenanthrene, and carcinogenic potency of PAH mixtures were highest when samplers were closest to active wells. PAH levels closest to natural gas activity were comparable to levels previously reported in rural areas in winter. Sourcing ratios indicated that PAHs were predominantly petrogenic, suggesting that PAH levels were influenced by direct releases from the earth. Quantitative human health risk assessment estimated the excess lifetime cancer risks associated with exposure to the measured PAHs. At sites closest to active wells, the risk estimated for maximum residential exposure was 0.04 in a million, which is below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's acceptable risk level. Overall, risk estimates decreased 30% when comparing results from samplers closest to active wells to those farthest from them. This work suggests that natural gas extraction is contributing PAHs to the air, at levels that would not be expected to increase cancer risk.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 50 %P 7921-9 %8 07/2016 %G eng %N 14 %R 10.1021/acs.est.6b02762 %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2016 %T PAH and OPAH Flux during the Deepwater Horizon Incident. %A Lane G Tidwell %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Brian W Smith %A Kim A Anderson %X

Passive sampling devices were used to measure air vapor and water dissolved phase concentrations of 33 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) at four Gulf of Mexico coastal sites prior to, during and after shoreline oiling from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH). Measurements were taken at each site over a 13 month period, and flux across the water-air boundary was determined. This is the first report of vapor phase and diffusive flux of both PAHs and OPAHs during the DWH. Vapor phase sum PAH and OPAH concentrations ranged between 6.6 and 210 ng/m(3) and 0.02 and 34 ng/m(3) respectively. PAH and OPAH concentrations in air exhibited different spatial and temporal trends than in water, and air-water flux of 13 individual PAHs was shown to be at least partially influenced by the DWH incident. The largest PAH volatilizations occurred at the sites in Alabama and Mississippi at nominal rates of 56 000 and 42 000 ng/m(2) day(-1) in the summer. Naphthalene was the PAH with the highest observed volatilization rate of 52 000 ng/m(2) day(-1) in June 2010. This work represents additional evidence of the DWH incident contributing to air contamination, and provides one of the first quantitative air-water chemical flux determinations with passive sampling technology.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 50 %P 7489-97 %8 07/2016 %G eng %N 14 %R 10.1021/acs.est.6b02784 %0 Journal Article %J Sci Total Environ %D 2016 %T Passive samplers accurately predict PAH levels in resident crayfish. %A LB Paulik %A Brian W Smith %A Alan J Bergmann %A Gregory J Sower %A Norman D Forsberg %A JG Teeguarden %A Kim A Anderson %X

Contamination of resident aquatic organisms is a major concern for environmental risk assessors. However, collecting organisms to estimate risk is often prohibitively time and resource-intensive. Passive sampling accurately estimates resident organism contamination, and it saves time and resources. This study used low density polyethylene (LDPE) passive water samplers to predict polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Resident crayfish were collected at 5 sites within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund Megasite (PHSM) in the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon. LDPE deployment was spatially and temporally paired with crayfish collection. Crayfish visceral and tail tissue, as well as water-deployed LDPE, were extracted and analyzed for 62 PAHs using GC-MS/MS. Freely-dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of PAHs in water were calculated from concentrations in LDPE. Carcinogenic risks were estimated for all crayfish tissues, using benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations (BaPeq). ∑PAH were 5-20 times higher in viscera than in tails, and ∑BaPeq were 6-70 times higher in viscera than in tails. Eating only tail tissue of crayfish would therefore significantly reduce carcinogenic risk compared to also eating viscera. Additionally, PAH levels in crayfish were compared to levels in crayfish collected 10years earlier. PAH levels in crayfish were higher upriver of the PHSM and unchanged within the PHSM after the 10-year period. Finally, a linear regression model predicted levels of 34 PAHs in crayfish viscera with an associated R-squared value of 0.52 (and a correlation coefficient of 0.72), using only the Cfree PAHs in water. On average, the model predicted PAH concentrations in crayfish tissue within a factor of 2.4±1.8 of measured concentrations. This affirms that passive water sampling accurately estimates PAH contamination in crayfish. Furthermore, the strong predictive ability of this simple model suggests that it could be easily adapted to predict contamination in other shellfish of concern.

%B Sci Total Environ %V 544 %P 782-791 %8 02/2016 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.142 %0 Generic %D 2016 %T Toxicity in zebrafish of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures exposed to terrestrially-appropriate UV-radiation. %A Peter D Hoffman %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2016 Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, USA %8 11/2016 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2015 %T Air-water Exchange of PAH and OPAH Upstream,Within and Downstream of a Mega-Superfund Site %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 36th Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah %8 11/2015 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2015 %T Assessment of PAH Contribution to Superfund Site Hazard Using a Representative PAH Mixture and a Zebrafish Developmental Toxicity Model %A D James Minick %A Mitra Geier %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 36th Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah %8 11/2015 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2015 %T Contribution of PAHs to the teratogenicity of bioavailable Superfund mixtures %A Alan J Bergmann %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 36th Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah %8 11/2015 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2015 %T Contribution of PAHs to the teratogenicity of bioavailable superfund mixtures %A Alan J Bergmann %E Robyn L Tanguay %E Kim A Anderson %B Oregon State University Superfund Research Program's Environmental Health Science Trainee Colloquium %8 10/2015 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2015 %T Contribution of PAHs to the teratogenicity of bioavailable superfund mixtures %A Alan J Bergmann %E Robyn L Tanguay %E Kim A Anderson %B FSES External Advisory Committee Meeting %8 10/2015 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2015 %T Impact of natural gas extraction on PAH levels in ambient air %A LB Paulik %A Carey E Donald %A Brian W Smith %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Laurel D Kincl %A Erin N Haynes %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC Europe 25th Annual Meeting, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain %8 05/2015 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2015 %T Impact of natural gas extraction on PAH levels in ambient air. %A LB Paulik %A Carey E Donald %A Brian W Smith %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Laurel D Kincl %A Erin N Haynes %A Kim A Anderson %X

Natural gas extraction, often referred to as "fracking," has increased rapidly in the U.S. in recent years. To address potential health impacts, passive air samplers were deployed in a rural community heavily affected by the natural gas boom. Samplers were analyzed for 62 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Results were grouped based on distance from each sampler to the nearest active well. PAH levels were highest when samplers were closest to active wells. Additionally, PAH levels closest to natural gas activity were an order of magnitude higher than levels previously reported in rural areas. Sourcing ratios indicate that PAHs were predominantly petrogenic, suggesting that elevated PAH levels were influenced by direct releases from the earth. Quantitative human health risk assessment estimated the excess lifetime cancer risks associated with exposure to the measured PAHs. Closest to active wells, the risk estimated for maximum residential exposure was 2.9 in 10,000, which is above the U.S. EPA's acceptable risk level. Overall, risk estimates decreased 30% when comparing results from samplers closest to active wells to those farthest. This work suggests that natural gas extraction may be contributing significantly to PAHs in air, at levels that are relevant to human health.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 49 %P 5203-5210 %8 03/2015 %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1021/es506095e %0 Generic %D 2015 %T Passive water sampling predicts PAH contamination in signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus %A LB Paulik %A Brian W Smith %A Alan J Bergmann %A Gregory J Sower %A Norman D Forsberg %A JG Teeguarden %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 36th Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah %8 11/2015 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2015 %T Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and Oxygenated PAH (OPAH) Air-Water Exchange during the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. %A Lane G Tidwell %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Brian W Smith %A Kim A Anderson %X

Passive sampling devices were used to measure air vapor and water dissolved phase concentrations of 33 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) at four Gulf of Mexico coastal sites prior to, during, and after shoreline oiling from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH). Measurements were taken at each site over a 13 month period, and flux across the water-air boundary was determined. This is the first report of vapor phase and flux of both PAHs and OPAHs during the DWH. Vapor phase sum PAH and OPAH concentrations ranged between 1 and 24 ng/m(3) and 0.3 and 27 ng/m(3), respectively. PAH and OPAH concentrations in air exhibited different spatial and temporal trends than in water, and air-water flux of 13 individual PAHs were strongly associated with the DWH incident. The largest PAH volatilizations occurred at the sites in Alabama and Mississippi in the summer, each nominally 10 000 ng/m(2)/day. Acenaphthene was the PAH with the highest observed volatilization rate of 6800 ng/m(2)/day in September 2010. This work represents additional evidence of the DWH incident contributing to air contamination, and provides one of the first quantitative air-water chemical flux determinations with passive sampling technology.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 49 %P 141-9 %8 1/2015 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1021/es503827y %0 Generic %D 2015 %T Predicting PAH Contamination in Resident Shellfish %A LB Paulik %A Brian W Smith %A Alan J Bergmann %A Gregory J Sower %A Norman D Forsberg %A JG Teeguarden %A Kim A Anderson %B Oregon State University Superfund Research Program’s Environmental Health Science Trainee Colloquium. Corvallis, OR %8 10/2015 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2015 %T What’s in the air? Using passive sampling to study fracking %A LB Paulik %A Carey E Donald %A Brian W Smith %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Laurel D Kincl %A Erin N Haynes %A Kim A Anderson %B EMT Research Day 2015 %8 01/2015 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T Bridging bioavailable extracts and developing zebrafish to identify toxicants of concern %A Alan J Bergmann %A Carey E Donald %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America 34th Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada %8 11/2014 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T Bridging superfund site based bioavailable extracts with biology %A Alan J Bergmann %A Carey E Donald %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B OSU SRP External Advisory Meeting 2014 %8 06/2014 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2014 %T Component-based analysis of OPAH interaction effects in zebrafish %A Carey E Donald %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Brian W Smith %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 35th Annual Meeting %8 11/2014 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T Correlating OPAH concentrations with zebrafish toxicity of Deepwater Horizon samples: a bottom-up approach %A Carey E Donald %A Steven G O'Connell %A Sarah E Allan %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B EMT Research Day, Corvallis, OR %8 01/2014 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Oecologia %D 2014 %T Elevational differences in trait response to UV-B radiation by long-toed salamander populations. %A Thurman, Lindsey L %A Garcia, Tiffany S %A Peter D Hoffman %K Altitude %K Animals %K Behavior, Animal %K Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase %K DNA Damage %K Ecosystem %K Female %K Oviposition %K Stress, Physiological %K Ultraviolet Rays %K Urodela %X

Amphibian species capable of optimizing trait response to environmental stressors may develop complex strategies for defending against rapid environmental change. Trait responses may differ between populations, particularly if stressor strength varies across spatial or temporal gradients. Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is one such stressor that poses a significant threat to amphibian species. We examined the ability of long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) at high- and low-elevation breeding sites to cooperatively employ behavioral and physiological trait responses to mediate UV-B damage. We performed a microhabitat survey to examine differences in oviposition behavior and UV-B conditions among breeding populations at high- (n = 3; >1,500 m) and low-elevation (n = 3; <100 m) sites. We found significant differences in oviposition behavior across populations, with females at high-elevation sites selecting oviposition substrates in UV-B protected microhabitats. We also collected eggs (n = 633) from each of the breeding sites for analysis of photolyase activity, a photoreactivating enzyme that repairs UV-B damage to the DNA, using a photoproduct immunoassay. Our results revealed no significant differences in photolyase activity between long-toed salamander populations at high and low elevations. For high-elevation salamander populations, relatively low physiological repair capabilities in embryos appear to be buffered by extensive behavioral modifications to reduce UV-B exposure and standardize developmental temperatures. This study provides valuable insight into environmental stress responses via the assessment of multiple traits in allowing sensitive species to persist in rapidly changing landscapes.

%B Oecologia %V 175 %P 835-45 %8 2014 Jul %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1007/s00442-014-2957-z %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T Fractionation of passive sampling device extracts explores contribution of PAHs to zebrafish toxicity %A Alan J Bergmann %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B EMT 2014 Research Day %8 01/2014 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T Impact of Unconventional Natural Gas Drilling on Air Quality in Easter Ohio: A Collaborative Supplement between the University of Cincinnati and Oregon State University %A Erin N Haynes %A Laurel D Kincl %A Kim A Anderson %A Diana Rohlman %A Elam, S. %A Feezel, P. %A Kuhnell, P. %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Lane G Tidwell %A LB Paulik %A Carey E Donald %A Alden, J. %A Brown, D. %B EHS Center Meeting. Los Angeles, CA. %8 04/2014 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Pollut %D 2014 %T Improvements in pollutant monitoring: Optimizing silicone for co-deployment with polyethylene passive sampling devices. %A Steven G O'Connell %A McCartney, Melissa A %A LB Paulik %A Sarah E Allan %A Lane G Tidwell %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %X

Sequestering semi-polar compounds can be difficult with low-density polyethylene (LDPE), but those pollutants may be more efficiently absorbed using silicone. In this work, optimized methods for cleaning, infusing reference standards, and polymer extraction are reported along with field comparisons of several silicone materials for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides. In a final field demonstration, the most optimal silicone material is coupled with LDPE in a large-scale study to examine PAHs in addition to oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) at a Superfund site. OPAHs exemplify a sensitive range of chemical properties to compare polymers (log Kow 0.2-5.3), and transformation products of commonly studied parent PAHs. On average, while polymer concentrations differed nearly 7-fold, water-calculated values were more similar (about 3.5-fold or less) for both PAHs (17) and OPAHs (7). Individual water concentrations of OPAHs differed dramatically between silicone and LDPE, highlighting the advantages of choosing appropriate polymers and optimized methods for pollutant monitoring.

%B Environ Pollut %V 193C %P 71-78 %8 07/2014 %G eng %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25009960?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.019 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T Optimizing silicone for co-deployment with low-denisty polyethylene passive sampling %A Steven G O'Connell %A McCartney, Melissa A %A LB Paulik %A Sarah E Allan %A Lane G Tidwell %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B 35th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %8 11/2014 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T PAH and OPAH air-water flux and toxicity before, during and after shoreline oiling from the DWH Incident %A Lane G Tidwell %E Kim A Anderson %X

Passive sampling devices were used to measure the air vapor phase and water dissolved phase at four Gulf of Mexico coastal sites. Sampling occurred prior to, during and after shoreline oiling concurrent with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.  Measurements of 33 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) were taken across all time points and sites, and flux across the water/air boundary was determined.  While aqueous PAH concentrations have been previously reported, all air concentrations are some of the first to represent both vapor phase PAHs and OPAHs during the Deepwater Horizon incident.  The largest vapor phase Σ33airPAH concentrations in air were 24.1ng/m3 in Gulfport, MS during May 2010 and 22.7ng/m3 in Grand Isle, LA during June of the same year. The largest Σ22OPAH vapor phase concentrations in air were 26.6ng/m3 in Gulf Breeze, Florida during May 2010 and 20.6 in Gulfport, MS in May 2010.  Concentrations in May represented air data prior to shoreline oiling. The direction and magnitude of the time-integrated air-water exchange of 13 individual PAHs were strongly influenced by the Deepwater Horizon oil incident.  The largest Σ13 PAH volatilization was 11,200 ng/m2/day and occurred in Gulf Shores, AL in September 2010, with the largest individual PAH volatilization to air was acenapthene at a rate of 6,820ng/m2/day during the same deployment.  This work represent additional evidence of contamination during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, but provides one of the first examples of flux determination with passive sampling data. In addition to impacting marine waters, the introduction of this volume of oil into this ecosystem combined with the combustion of this material had quantifiable impacts on Gulf of Mexico air chemistry and quality.

 

%B Superfund EAC %8 05/2014 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T Passive Sampling Devices Enable Capacity Building and Characterization of Bioavailable Mixtures along the Niger, Senegal and Bani Rivers of Africa %A Kim A Anderson %A Seck, Dogo %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Traore, AN %A McCartney, Melissa A %A Ndaye, A %A Norman D Forsberg %A Gregory J Sower %B Society of Toxicology 53rd Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ %8 03/2014 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci %D 2014 %T Passive sampling devices enable capacity building and characterization of bioavailable pesticide along the Niger, Senegal and Bani Rivers of Africa. %A Kim A Anderson %A Seck, Dogo %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Traore, Anna Ndiaye %A McCartney, Melissa A %A Ndaye, Adama %A Norman D Forsberg %A Gregory J Sower %X

It is difficult to assess pollution in remote areas of less-developed regions owing to the limited availability of energy, equipment, technology, trained personnel and other key resources. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) are technologically simple analytical tools that sequester and concentrate bioavailable organic contaminants from the environment. Scientists from Oregon State University and the Centre Régional de Recherches en Ecotoxicologie et de Sécurité Environnementale (CERES) in Senegal developed a partnership to build capacity at CERES and to develop a pesticide-monitoring project using PSDs. This engagement resulted in the development of a dynamic training process applicable to capacity-building programmes. The project culminated in a field and laboratory study where paired PSD samples were simultaneously analysed in African and US laboratories with quality control evaluation and traceability. The joint study included sampling from 63 sites across six western African countries, generating a 9000 data point pesticide database with virtual access to all study participants.

%B Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci %V 369 %P 20130110 %8 04/2014 %G eng %N 1639 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24535398?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1098/rstb.2013.0110 %0 Generic %D 2014 %T Teratogenicity of PAHs from Portland Harbor? Effects-directed analysis with passive sampling and developing zebrafish %A Alan J Bergmann %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B OSU SRP Trainee Colloquium %8 10/2014 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T What's in the air? Using passive sampling to study fracking %A LB Paulik %A Carey E Donald %A Brian W Smith %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Laurel D Kincl %A Erin N Haynes %A Kim A Anderson %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America 34th Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada %C Vancouver, BC, Canada %8 11/2014 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Air – Water Exchange of PAH during the DWH Incident %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Glenn R Wilson %A Steven G O'Connell %A Sarah E Allan %A Kim A Anderson %B International Society of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Corvallis Oregon %8 09/2013 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %D 2013 %T Comparative developmental toxicity of environmentally relevant oxygenated PAHs. %A Knecht, Andrea L %A Goodale, Britton C %A Truong, Lisa %A Simonich, Michael T %A Swanson, Annika J %A Matzke, Melissa M %A Kim A Anderson %A Katrina M Waters %A Robyn L Tanguay %K Abnormalities, Drug-Induced %K Animals %K Biological Markers %K Embryo, Nonmammalian %K Environmental Pollutants %K Extracellular Space %K Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental %K Immunohistochemistry %K Mitochondria %K Oxidation-Reduction %K Oxidative Stress %K Oxygen Consumption %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction %K RNA %K Teratogens %K Zebrafish %X

Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are byproducts of combustion and photo-oxidation of parent PAHs. OPAHs are widely present in the environment and pose an unknown hazard to human health. The developing zebrafish was used to evaluate a structurally diverse set of 38 OPAHs for malformation induction, gene expression changes and mitochondrial function. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 6 to 120h post fertilization (hpf) to a dilution series of 38 different OPAHs and evaluated for 22 developmental endpoints. AHR activation was determined via CYP1A immunohistochemistry. Phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PHEQ), 1,9-benz-10-anthrone (BEZO), xanthone (XAN), benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (7,12-B[a]AQ), and 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-ANTQ) were evaluated for transcriptional responses at 48hpf, prior to the onset of malformations. qRT-PCR was conducted for a number of oxidative stress genes, including the glutathione transferase(gst), glutathione peroxidase(gpx), and superoxide dismutase(sod) families. Bioenergetics was assayed to measure in vivo oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in 26hpf embryos exposed to OPAHs. Hierarchical clustering of the structure-activity outcomes indicated that the most toxic of the OPAHs contained adjacent diones on 6-carbon moieties or terminal, para-diones on multi-ring structures. 5-carbon moieties with adjacent diones were among the least toxic OPAHs while the toxicity of multi-ring structures with more centralized para-diones varied considerably. 9,10-PHEQ, BEZO, 7,12-B[a]AQ, and XAN exposures increased expression of several oxidative stress related genes and decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a measurement of mitochondrial respiration. Comprehensive in vivo characterization of 38 structurally diverse OPAHs indicated differential AHR dependency and a prominent role for oxidative stress in the toxicity mechanisms.

%B Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %V 271 %P 266-75 %8 11/2013 %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23684558?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.006 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2013 %T Correlating OPAH concentrations with embryonic zebrafish toxicity of Gulf of Mexico samples around the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: a bottom-up approach. %A Carey E Donald %A Steven G O'Connell %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B FSES Advisory Council Meeting %8 06/2013 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2013 %T Correlating OPAH concentrations with zebrafish toxicity of Deepwater Horizon samples: a bottom-up approach %A Carey E Donald %A Steven G O'Connell %A Sarah E Allan %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America National Meeting, Nashville, TN %8 11/2013 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2013 %T Correlating OPAH concentrations with zebrafish toxicity of Gulf of Mexico samples around the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: a bottom-up approach %A Carey E Donald %A Steven G O'Connell %A Sarah E Allan %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Corvallis, OR %8 09/2013 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2013 %T Correlating OPAH concentrations with zebrafish toxicity of Gulf of Mexico samples around the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: a bottom-up approach %A Carey E Donald %A Steven G O'Connell %A Sarah E Allan %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B FSES Advisory Council, Corvallis, OR %8 06/2013 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Exchange of PAHs and OPAHs Accross the Air-Water Boundry during the DWH Oil Spill %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Glenn R Wilson %A Steven G O'Connell %A Sarah E Allan %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 34th Annual Conference, Nashville, TN, USA. %8 11/2013 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Fractionation of passive sampling device extracts explores contribution of PAHs to zebrafish toxicity %A Alan J Bergmann %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B International Society of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds %8 09/2013 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2013 %T Fractionation of passive sampling device extracts explores contribution of PAHs to zebrafish toxicity %A Alan J Bergmann %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC NA, Nashville TN %8 11/2013 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Integrating passive sampling with UV irradiation and bioassays: an approach for modeling PAH degradation and phototoxicity in bioavailable mixtures %A Elie, Marc R %A Norman D Forsberg %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B 34th Annual SETAC Meeting %8 2013 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Novel Technologies for OPAH and PAH Identification in Personal and Environmental Complex Mixtures %A Steven G O'Connell %A Glenn R Wilson %A Lane G Tidwell %A Sarah E Allan %A LB Paulik %A Kim A Anderson %B 11th International Conference on Environmental Mutagens, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil %8 11/2013 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Passive Sampling Capacity Building with the K.C. Donnelly Externship %A Steven G O'Connell %A Lane G Tidwell %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B 26th Superfund Research Program Annual Meeting, Baton Rouge LA %8 10/2013 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Passive sampling coupled to UVB irradiation: a useful analytical approach for modeling toxic oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in bioavailable mixtures %A Elie, Marc R %A Norman D Forsberg %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B 246th ACS National Meeting %8 2013 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %D 2013 %T Structurally distinct polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce differential transcriptional responses in developing zebrafish. %A Goodale, Britton C %A Susan C Tilton %A Corvi, Margaret M %A Glenn R Wilson %A Janszen, Derek B %A Kim A Anderson %A Katrina M Waters %A Robyn L Tanguay %K Animals %K Embryo, Nonmammalian %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Structure-Activity Relationship %K Transcription, Genetic %K Zebrafish %X

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment as components of fossil fuels and by-products of combustion. These multi-ring chemicals differentially activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in a structurally dependent manner, and induce toxicity via both AHR-dependent and -independent mechanisms. PAH exposure is known to induce developmental malformations in zebrafish embryos, and recent studies have shown cardiac toxicity induced by compounds with low AHR affinity. Unraveling the potentially diverse molecular mechanisms of PAH toxicity is essential for understanding the hazard posed by complex PAH mixtures present in the environment. We analyzed transcriptional responses to PAH exposure in zebrafish embryos exposed to benz(a)anthracene (BAA), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and pyrene (PYR) at concentrations that induced developmental malformations by 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Whole genome microarray analysis of mRNA expression at 24 and 48 hpf identified genes that were differentially regulated over time and in response to the three PAH structures. PAH body burdens were analyzed at both time points using GC-MS, and demonstrated differences in PAH uptake into the embryos. This was important for discerning dose-related differences from those that represented unique molecular mechanisms. While BAA misregulated the least number of transcripts, it caused strong induction of cyp1a and other genes known to be downstream of the AHR, which were not induced by the other two PAHs. Analysis of functional roles of misregulated genes and their predicted regulatory transcription factors also distinguished the BAA response from regulatory networks disrupted by DBT and PYR exposure. These results indicate that systems approaches can be used to classify the toxicity of PAHs based on the networks perturbed following exposure, and may provide a path for unraveling the toxicity of complex PAH mixtures.

%B Toxicol Appl Pharmacol %V 272 %P 656-70 %8 11/2013 %G eng %N 3 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656968?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.024 %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Using PSDs to Assess Bioavailable PAHs in Traditionally Smoked Fish %A Lane G Tidwell %A Stuart Harris %A Kim A Anderson %B Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Executive Advisory Council, Pendleton,OR,USA %8 11/2013 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Assessment and source-modeling of bioavailable contaminants in Gulf of Mexico coastal waters before, during and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill %A Kim A Anderson %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Lane G Tidwell %B 243rd ACS National Meeting %8 03/2012 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Bridging Environmental Mixtures and Toxic Effects %A Sarah E Allan %A Brian W Smith %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %X

BRIDGES is a bioanalytical tool that combines passive sampling with the embryonic zebrafish developmental toxicity bioassay to provide a quantitative measure of the toxicity of bioavailable complex mixtures. Passive sampling devices (PSDs), which sequester and concentrate bioavailable organic contaminants from the environment, were deployed in the Willamette and Columbia Rivers within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund site in Portland, Oregon. Six sampling events were conducted in the summer and fall of 2009 and 2010. PSD extracts were analyzed for PAH compounds and screened for 1,200 chemicals of concern using deconvolution reporting software. The developmental toxicity of the extracts was analyzed using the embryonic zebrafish bioassay. Significant spatial and temporal differences in the concentration of contaminants at the sites were observed. Similarly, significant differences in the developmental toxicity of the samples were recorded. This demonstrates the importance of utilizing an environmental monitoring tool, such as BRIDGES, that can provide site-specific, temporally resolved information about environmental contaminants and directly link environmental samples to toxicity. Multivariate modeling approaches were applied to paired chemical-toxic effects data sets to help unravel chemistry-toxicity associations. Although this research highlights the complexity of discerning specific bioactive compounds in complex mixtures, it demonstrates methods for associating toxic effects with chemical characteristics of environmental samples.

%B SETAC North America 33rd Annual Meeting %8 11/2012 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Toxicol Chem %D 2012 %T Bridging environmental mixtures and toxic effects. %A Sarah E Allan %A Brian W Smith %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %K Biological Assay %K Environmental Monitoring %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Rivers %K Water Pollutants, Chemical %X

Biological Response Indicator Devices Gauging Environmental Stressors (BRIDGES) is a bioanalytical tool that combines passive sampling with the embryonic zebrafish developmental toxicity bioassay to provide a quantitative measure of the toxicity of bioavailable complex mixtures. Passive sampling devices (PSDs), which sequester and concentrate bioavailable organic contaminants from the environment, were deployed in the Willamette and Columbia Rivers within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund site in Portland, OR, USA. Six sampling events were conducted in the summer and fall of 2009 and 2010. Passive sampling device extracts were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds and screened for 1,201 chemicals of concern using deconvolution-reporting software. The developmental toxicity of the extracts was analyzed using the embryonic zebrafish bioassay. The BRIDGES tool provided site-specific, temporally resolved information about environmental contaminant mixtures and their toxicity. Multivariate modeling approaches were applied to paired chemical and toxic effects data sets to help unravel chemistry-toxicity associations. Modeling elucidated spatial and temporal trends in PAH concentrations and the toxicity of the samples and identified a subset of PAH analytes that were the most highly correlated with observed toxicity. Although the present study highlights the complexity of discerning specific bioactive compounds in complex mixtures, it demonstrates methods for associating toxic effects with chemical characteristics of environmental samples.

%B Environ Toxicol Chem %V 31 %P 2877-87 %8 12/2012 %G eng %N 12 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23001962?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1002/etc.2018 %0 Journal Article %J Toxicology %D 2012 %T Neurodevelopmental low-dose bisphenol A exposure leads to early life-stage hyperactivity and learning deficits in adult zebrafish. %A Saili, Katerine S %A Corvi, Margaret M %A Weber, Daniel N %A Patel, Ami U %A Das, Siba R %A Przybyla, Jennifer %A Kim A Anderson %A Robyn L Tanguay %K Animals %K Behavior, Animal %K Benzhydryl Compounds %K Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid %K Dose-Response Relationship, Drug %K Embryo, Nonmammalian %K Endocrine Disruptors %K Environmental Pollutants %K Estradiol %K Hydrazines %K Hyperkinesis %K Larva %K Learning Disorders %K Maze Learning %K Phenols %K Receptors, Estrogen %K Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled %K Reversal Learning %K Teratogens %K Zebrafish %X

Developmental bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been implicated in adverse behavior and learning deficits. The mode of action underlying these effects is unclear. The objectives of this study were to identify whether low-dose, developmental BPA exposure affects larval zebrafish locomotor behavior and whether learning deficits occur in adults exposed during development. Two control compounds, 17β-estradiol (an estrogen receptor ligand) and GSK4716 (a synthetic estrogen-related receptor gamma ligand), were included. Larval toxicity assays were used to determine appropriate BPA, 17β-estradiol, and GSK4716 concentrations for behavior testing. BPA tissue uptake was analyzed using HPLC and lower doses were extrapolated using a linear regression analysis. Larval behavior tests were conducted using a ViewPoint Zebrabox. Adult learning tests were conducted using a custom-built T-maze. BPA exposure to <30μM was non-teratogenic. Neurodevelopmental BPA exposure to 0.01, 0.1, or 1μM led to larval hyperactivity or learning deficits in adult zebrafish. Exposure to 0.1μM 17β-estradiol or GSK4716 also led to larval hyperactivity. This study demonstrates the efficacy of using the zebrafish model for studying the neurobehavioral effects of low-dose developmental BPA exposure.

%B Toxicology %V 291 %P 83-92 %8 01/2012 %G eng %N 1-3 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22108044?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.001 %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Pilot Study Using LFT to Assess Bioavailable PAHs During Tradtional Fish Smoking %A Lane G Tidwell %A Norman D Forsberg %A Kim A Anderson %B CTUIR Tribal-University Collaboration to Address Tribal Exposures to PAHs and Improve Community Health, Pendleton, OR %8 04/2012 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2012 %T Three Different Demonstration Applications of an Innovative Air sampling Technology to Adress Community-based Environmental Exposures: Oil Spills, Legacy and Emerging Contaminants at Community-Industry land Boundaries and Food Preparation %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Steven G O'Connell %A Glenn R Wilson %A Jamie Donatuto %A Stuart Harris %A Kim A Anderson %X

Although communities often want and need chemical monitoring data to characterize chemicals in their environmental or from their activities, air monitoring equipment is often cost prohibitive or technically impractical.   We are further developing air monitoring bio-analytical tools that employ our passive sampling device (PSD).  PSDs require no external power, require minimal training for quality controlled sampling, and can be quickly and inexpensively deployed.  PSD are capable of providing qualitative and quantitative characterization of exposure to the bioavailable vapor phase fraction of legacy and emerging contaminants in the atmosphere. We demonstrate our PSD’s utility in three vastly different scenarios; before, during and after the Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill in spring of 2010, at the interface of community tribal lands and high intensity industrial activities, and finally in Native American fish smoking activities.  Legacy and emerging PAHs were characterized for all three scenarios; analysis of PSD extracts using a 1,200 analyte screening method was also undertaken.  Acute chemical spills generally require a quick response, and often there is a significant, or unknown, exposure prior to elaborate air monitoring equipment setup.  We deployed air PSDs prior to, during and after shoreline oiling from the Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida.  Emerging and legacy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in the air PSD. PSDs were also screened for an additional 1,200 contaminants of concern.  We demonstrate the utility of the air PSD to respond to acute chemical spills, and to gather chemical data sets on a wide range of contaminants. Communities adjacent to highly industrialized lands often want to understand the contribution of contaminants of concern from industrial activities to their ambient activities.  The Swinomish Indian Tribal Community (SITC) offered their lands to further test our developing air PSD technology and to address these kinds of questions.  PSD were deployed at SITC, which borders a petroleum facility, continuously for a yearlong study, from these PSD samples legacy and emerging PAHs were identified and quantified.  The results indicate spatial and temporal trends that were related to the activities of the tribal community and the petroleum facility.  While PSDs have been demonstrated as a surrogate of fish for aquatic environment assessment, atmospheric PSDs have not been previously used as a surrogate of food for preparation technique assessment.  Community-based requests often include understanding the effects of special food preparations that are culturally important.  The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) requested an assessment of their fish smoking methods.  As part of a larger study, we deployed air PSDs during the CTUIR smoking events to further evaluate the utility of using our PSD as a surrogate of smoke-processed fish.  In a side-by-side study the PSDs were paired with salmon during smoking.  PAHs were quantified from the air PSD and compared with the smoked salmon.  The results show excellent promise for an alternative method for assessing food smoking preparation techniques. Throughout these three studies the OSU SRP Research Translation and Community Engagement Cores partnered to develop culturally appropriate messages and data interpretation including workshops, print materials, brochures, and web-based information.

%B Connecting Research and Practice: A Dialogue between ATSDR and the NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Atlanta, Georgia %8 08/2012 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2012 %T Two Applications of an Innovative Air Sampling Technology to Address Community-based Environmental Exposures to Legacy and Emerging PAHs %A Lane G Tidwell %A Glenn R Wilson %A Norman D Forsberg %A Jamie Donatuto %A Stuart Harris %A Kim A Anderson %X

Although communities often want and need chemical monitoring data to characterize chemicals in their environment or from their activities, air monitoring equipment is often cost prohibitive or technically impractical. We are further developing air monitoring bio-analytical tools that employ our passive sampling device (PSD). PSDs require no external power, require minimal training for quality controlled sampling, and can be quickly and inexpensively deployed. PSDs are capable of providing qualitative and quantitative characterization of exposure to the bioavailable vapor phase fraction of legacy and emerging contaminants in the atmosphere. We demonstrate our PSD’s utility in two different scenarios; at the interface of community tribal lands and high intensity industrial activities, and in Native American fish smoking activities.  Legacy and emerging PAHs were characterized for both scenarios.

Communities adjacent to highly industrialized lands often want to understand the contribution of contaminants of concern from industrial activities to their ambient activities.  The Swinomish Indian Tribal Community (SITC) offered their lands to further test our developing air PSD technology and to address these kinds of questions.  PSD were deployed at SITC, which borders a petroleum facility, for a yearlong study, from these PSD samples legacy and emerging PAHs were identified and quantified.  The results indicate spatial and temporal trends that were related to the activities of the tribal community and the petroleum facility. 

While PSDs have been demonstrated as a surrogate of fish for aquatic environment assessment, atmospheric PSDs have not been previously used as a surrogate of food for preparation technique assessment.  Community-based requests often include understanding the effects of special food preparations that are culturally important.  The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) requested an assessment of their fish smoking methods.  As part of a larger study, we deployed air PSDs during the CTUIR smoking events to further evaluate the utility of using our PSD as a surrogate of smoke-processed fish.  In a side-by-side study the PSDs were paired with salmon during smoking.  PAHs were quantified from the air PSD and compared with the smoked salmon.  The results show excellent promise for an alternative method for assessing food smoking preparation techniques.

%B SETAC 33rd North American Annual Meeting %8 11/2012 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Utilizing Passive Sampling for Rapid Response to Assess Atmospheric Exposure to PAHs Before, During and After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Glenn R Wilson %A Steven G O'Connell %A Sarah E Allan %A Kim A Anderson %X

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in crude oil and may persist in the environment even after visible evidence is gone. Volatilization of crude oil can be one route of exposure for PAHs.  Exposures of PAHs from crude oil spills typically occurs concurrent with the spill or prior to significant weathering of the oil. Acute chemical spills generally initiate a rapid clean up response; however, there is often a significant exposure period prior to elaborate air monitoring equipment setup.  Because PSDs do not require elaborate equipment or electricity, we were able to sample within days of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. We deployed passive sampling devices (PSDs) for air sampling prior to, during and after shoreline oiling. Study locations included sites in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. PSDs mimic the chemical uptake of biomembranes by exploiting the fugacities of vapor phase compounds in the atmosphere. Chemical data from PSD extracts can be employed to assess potential exposure, transport, fate and sourcing of emerging and legacy contaminants in the atmosphere. 

Forty two samples were collected over a 15 month period beginning in May 2010; passive sampling devices were used to monitor the bioavailable concentration of PAHs in air. Prior to shoreline oiling, baseline data was obtained at all the study sites, allowing for direct before and after comparisons of PAH air contamination due to oiling. Samples were analyzed using a method composed of 33 emerging and legacy PAHs. As many as 18 PAHs were quantified in some air PSD extracts. Flouranthene, pyrene and phenanthrene were the largest contributors to the total vapor phase PAH concentration at our sampling sites. PSDs were also screened for an additional 1,200 contaminants of concern. Analysis of PSDs with this screening method resulted in positive identification of oxygen, sulfanate and nitrogen substituted PAHs, pesticides, and compounds used in industry such as musks and flame retardants. Our study demonstrates the utility of air PSDs to respond to acute chemical spills and collect chemical data sets on a wide range of contaminants in a more rapid fashion than traditional air monitoring technologies. During this study OSU’s Superfund Research Program Research Translation and Community Engagement Cores developed resources including workshops, brochures, and web-based information available to the communities impacted by the spill.

%B SETAC North America %8 11/2012 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2011 %T Developmental toxicity of bioavailable contaminants from the Portland Harbor Superfund site: Bridging environmental mixtures and toxic effects %A Sarah E Allan %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 32nd Annual Conference %8 11/2011 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2011 %T Pre- and post- shoreline oiling assessment of bioavailable PAH compounds in coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Brian W Smith %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC – Gulf Oil Spill Focused Topic Meeting %I SETAC – Gulf Oil Spill Focused Topic Meeting %8 04/2011 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Plant Physiol %D 2011 %T Reversion-reporter transgenes to analyze all six base-substitution pathways in Arabidopsis. %A Bollmann, Stephanie R %A Tominey, Colin M %A Peter D Hoffman %A Hoffman, Taylor M C %A John B Hays %K Alleles %K Amino Acid Substitution %K Arabidopsis %K Base Sequence %K Gene Dosage %K Genes, Reporter %K Genetic Engineering %K Glucuronidase %K Immunohistochemistry %K Ions %K Metals %K Molecular Sequence Data %K Mutagenesis %K Mutant Proteins %K Mutation %K Plants, Genetically Modified %K Sequence Analysis, DNA %K Transgenes %K Ultraviolet Rays %X

To expand the repertoire of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutation-reporter transgenes, we constructed six mutant alleles in the same codon of the β-glucuronidase-encoding GUS transgene. Each allele reverts to GUS+ only via a particular one of the six transition/transversion pathways. AcV5 epitope tags, fused carboxyl terminal to the inactive GUS- proteins, enabled semiquantitative immunoassays in plant protein extracts. Spontaneous G:C→T:A transversions, previously not measured using reporter transgenes, were quite frequent. This may reflect mispairing of adenine with 8-oxoguanine in DNA attacked by endogenous oxyradicals. Spontaneous G:C→A:T was modest and other reversions were relatively low, as reported previously. Frequencies of ultraviolet C-induced TT→TC and TC→TT reversions were both high. With increased transgene copy number, spontaneous G:C→T:A reversions increased but ultraviolet C-induced reversions decreased. Frequencies of some reversion events were reduced among T4 versus T3 generation plants. Based on these and other analyses of sources of experimental variation, we propose guidelines for the employment of these lines to study genotoxic stress in planta.

%B Plant Physiol %V 155 %P 1286-300 %8 2011 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1104/pp.110.167726 %0 Generic %D 2010 %T Assessment of bioavailable PAH compounds in water and air at near shore locations in the Gulf of Mexico pre- and post- shoreline oiling during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill %A Kim A Anderson %A Sarah E Allan %A Lane G Tidwell %A Steven G O'Connell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Glenn R Wilson %B Invited plenary speaker, Superfund Research Program Annual Meeting %8 11/2010 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2010 %T Bioavailable PAH compounds in coastal marine waters of the Gulf of Mexico pre and post shoreline oiling during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill %A Sarah E Allan %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Steven G O'Connell %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 31st Annual Conference %8 11/2010 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2010 %T Deepwater Horizon oil spill sites used to demonstrate atmospheric passive samplers coupled with a 1200 analyte screening method %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 31st Annual Conference %I SETAC North America 31st Annual Conference %8 11/2010 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2010 %T Determination of the Historical Contributions of Fertilizer Applications to the Bioavailable Metal Concentrations in Oregon Agricultural Soils %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Perez, Angela L %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 31st Annual Conference %8 2010 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Chemosphere %D 2010 %T Exploiting lipid-free tubing passive samplers and embryonic zebrafish to link site specific contaminant mixtures to biological responses. %A Hillwalker, Wendy E %A Sarah E Allan %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %K Animals %K Embryo, Nonmammalian %K Embryonic Development %K Environmental Monitoring %K Lipids %K Rivers %K Water Pollutants, Chemical %K Zebrafish %X

The Biological Response Indicator Devices Gauging Environmental Stressors (BRIDGES) bio-analytical tool was developed in response to the need for a quantitative technology for assessing the toxicity of environmentally relevant contaminant mixtures. This tool combines passive samplers with the embryonic zebrafish model. When applied in an urban river it effectively linked site specific, bioavailable contaminant mixtures to multiple biological responses. Embryonic zebrafish exposed to extracts from lipid-free passive samplers that were deployed at five locations, within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund Megasite, displayed different responses. Six of the eighteen biological responses observed in 941 exposed zebrafish were significantly different between sites. This demonstrates the sensitivity of the bio-analytical tool for detecting spatially distinct toxicity in aquatic systems; bridging environmental exposure to biological response.

%B Chemosphere %V 79 %P 1-7 %8 03/2010 %G eng %N 1 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20172587?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.001 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2010 %T Gene Expression Changes Following Embryonic Bisphenol A Exposure: Exploring The Role Of Estrogen Disruption In BPA-Induced Neurobehavioral Toxicity %A Saili, Katerine S %A Przybyla, Jennifer %A LaDu, Jane %A Staci M Simonich %A Kim A Anderson %A Robyn L Tanguay %B SETAC North America 31st Annual Conference %8 2010 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2010 %T SETAC Annual Meeting Travel Award %A Lane G Tidwell %B SETAC North America 31st Annual Conference %8 2010 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2010 %T Sweet Onion Field Test Kit %A Lane G Tidwell %A Richard P Scott %A Merril, Dawn %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Kim A Anderson %B invited presentation and demonstration, 2010 National Onion Association Meeting %8 2010 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2010 %T Test Kit for Sweet Onions %A Richard P Scott %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Kim A Anderson %B National Allium Research Conference %8 2010 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2010 %T Utilizing Silicone Passive Samplers to Expand Environmental Monitoring for the Portland Harbor %A Steven G O'Connell %A Sarah E Allan %A Glenn R Wilson %A Lane G Tidwell %A Kim A Anderson %B Superfund Research Program Annual Meeting %8 11/2010 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Planta %D 2009 %T Reciprocal chromosome translocation associated with TDNA-insertion mutation in Arabidopsis: genetic and cytological analyses of consequences for gametophyte development and for construction of doubly mutant lines. %A Curtis, Marc J %A Belcram, Katia %A Bollmann, Stephanie R %A Tominey, Colin M %A Peter D Hoffman %A Mercier, Raphael %A John B Hays %K Arabidopsis %K Arabidopsis Proteins %K Chromosomes, Plant %K DNA, Bacterial %K DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase %K Flowers %K Gene Frequency %K Genotype %K Heterozygote %K In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence %K Models, Genetic %K Mutagenesis, Insertional %K Mutation %K Pollen %K Translocation, Genetic %X

Chromosomal rearrangements may complicate construction of Arabidopsis with multiple TDNA-insertion mutations. Here, crossing two lines homozygous for insertions in AtREV3 and AtPOLH (chromosomes I and V, respectively) and selfing F1 plants yielded non-Mendelian F2 genotype distributions: frequencies of +/++/+ and 1/1 2/2 progeny were only 0.42 and 0.25%. However, the normal development and fertility of double mutants showed AtPOLH-1 and AtREV3-2 gametes and 1/1 2/2 embryos to be fully viable. F2 distributions could be quantitatively predicted by assuming that F1 selfing produced inviable (1,2) and (+,+) gametophytes 86% of the time. Some defect intrinsic to the F1 selfing process itself thus appeared responsible. In selfing AtREV3 (+/2 ) single mutants, imaging of ovules and pollen showed arrest or abortion, respectively, of half of gametophytes; however, gametogenesis was normal in AtREV3 ( 2/2 ) homozygotes. These findings, taken together, suggested that T-DNA insertion at AtREV3 on chromosome I had caused a reciprocal I-V translocation. Spreads of meiosis I chromosomes in selfing AtREV3 (+/2 ) heterozygotes revealed the predicted cruciform four-chromosome structures, which fluorescence in situ hybridization showed to invariably include both translocated and normal chromosomes I and V. Sequencing of the two junctions of T-DNA with AtREV3 DNA and the two with gene At5g59920 suggested translocation via homologous recombination between independent inverted-repeat T-DNA insertions. Thus, when crosses between TDNA-insertion mutants yield anomalous progeny distributions, TDNA-linked translocations should be considered.

%B Planta %V 229 %P 731-45 %8 2009 Mar %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s00425-008-0868-0 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2009 %T Site specific toxic effects in zebrafish embryos to passive sampling device extracts linked to differences in environmental contaminant mixtures %A Sarah E Allan %A Hillwalker, Wendy E %A Gregory J Sower %A Glenn R Wilson %A Brian W Smith %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B Superfund Research Program Annual Meeting %8 11/2009 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2009 %T Site-specific toxic effects in zebrafish embryos exposed to passive sampling device extracts linked to differences in environmental contaminant mixtures %A Sarah E Allan %A Hillwalker, Wendy E %A Gregory J Sower %A Glenn R Wilson %A Brian W Smith %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 30th Annual Conference %8 11/2009 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2007 %T Atmospheric Outflow of Anthropogenic Semivolatile Organic Compounds from Asia in Spring 2004 %A Primbs, T %A Schmedding, D %A Glenn R Wilson %A Jaffe, D %A Kato, S %A Takami, A %A Hatakeyama, S %A Kajii, Y %A Staci M Simonich %B American Chemical Society, Boston, MA %8 08/2007 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2007 %T Overcoming the technical challenges of an international human and ecological health risk project in Western Africa %A Gregory J Sower %A Ackerman, Amanda %A Hillwalker, Wendy E %A Quarles, L %A Sarr, Makhfousse %A Toure, C %A Kim A Anderson %B The Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. North America Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, USA %8 2007 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2005 %T Environmental stresses and skeletal deformities in fish from the Willamette River, Oregon. %A Villeneuve, Daniel L %A Curtis, Lawrence R %A Jeffrey J Jenkins %A Warner, Kara E %A Tilton, Fred %A Kent, Michael L %A Watral, Virginia G %A Cunningham, Michael E %A Markle, Douglas F %A D Sethajintanin %A Krissanakriangkrai, Oraphin %A Johnson, Eugene R %A Grove, Robert %A Kim A Anderson %K Animals %K Benzofurans %K Bone and Bones %K Dioxins %K Female %K Fishes %K History, Ancient %K Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated %K Metals, Heavy %K Oocytes %K Oregon %K Organophosphorus Compounds %K Ovary %K Pesticides %K Polychlorinated Biphenyls %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Rivers %K Trematoda %K Trematode Infections %K Water Pollutants, Chemical %X

The Willamette River, one of 14 American Heritage Rivers, flows through the most densely populated and agriculturally productive region of Oregon. Previous biological monitoring of the Willamette River detected elevated frequencies of skeletal deformities in fish from certain areas of the lower (Newberg pool [NP], rivermile [RM] 26 - 55) and middle (Wheatland Ferry [WF], RM 72 - 74) river, relative to those in the upper river (Corvallis [CV], RM 125-138). The objective of this study was to determine the likely cause of these skeletal deformities. In 2002 and 2003, deformity loads in Willamette River fishes were 2-3 times greater at the NP and WF locations than at the CV location. There were some differences in water quality parameters between the NP and CV sites, but they did not readily explain the difference in deformity loads. Concentrations of bioavailable metals were below detection limits (0.6 - 1 microg/ L). Concentrations of bioavailable polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides were generally below 0.25 ng/L. Concentrations of bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were generally less than 5 ng/L. Concentrations of most persistent organic pollutants were below detection limits in ovary/oocyte tissue samples and sediments, and those that were detected were not significantly different among sites. Bioassay of Willamette River water extracts provided no evidence that unidentified compounds or the complex mixture of compounds present in the extracts could induce skeletal deformities in cyprinid fish. However, metacercariae of a digenean trematode were directly associated with a large percentage of deformities detected in two Willamette River fishes, and similar deformities were reproduced in laboratoryfathead minnows exposed to cercariae extracted from Willamette River snails. Thus, the weight of evidence suggests that parasitic infection, not chemical contaminants, was the primary cause of skeletal deformities observed in Willamette River fish.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 39 %P 3495-506 %8 05/2005 %G eng %N 10 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15954223?dopt=Abstract %0 Journal Article %J Lipids %D 1983 %T Fatty acid composition of liver lipids in rats fed brominated fatty acids. %A Tinsley, I J %A Lowry, R R %K Bromine %K Dietary Fats %K Fatty Acids %K Lipid Metabolism %K Liver %X

Feeding rats diets containing brominated corn oil or di- or tetrabromostearate as the monoglyceride produced changes in fatty acid composition of liver lipids. Those changes associated with the feeding of brominated corn oil or tetrabromostearate could be explained by the accumulation of triglyceride, and the changes associated with the feeding of dibromostearate could result from the proliferation of a membrane system. A unique response to the feeding of diets containing brominated corn oil is an increase in the level of gamma-linolenic acid.

%B Lipids %V 18 %P 661-3 %8 1983 Sep %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1007/BF02534679 %0 Journal Article %J Lipids %D 1983 %T Toxicology of brominated fatty acids: metabolite concentration and heart and liver changes. %A Jones, B A %A Tinsley, I J %A Lowry, R R %K Adipose Tissue %K Animals %K Bromine %K Dietary Fats %K Fatty Acids %K Heart %K Liver %K Male %K Myocardium %K Rats %K Rats, Inbred Strains %K Tissue Distribution %X

Rats were fed for 35 days diets containing 2% of either brominated corn oil (BCO), monoglyceride of dibromostearate (DBS), monoglyceride of tetrabromostearate (TBS) or a mixture of the two monoglycerides (BMG) which provided proportions of brominated acids comparable to that of the BCO. Hearts from all animals fed BCO were yellow colored and firm in texture. Myocardial cellular degeneration, mild to moderate edema and occasional small necrotic foci were observed. Hearts from animals fed DBS showed moderate edema and some slight necrosis. All diets produced an increase in lipid content of heart. Animals fed the experimental diets developed enlarged livers and showed elevated liver lipid content. The tetrabromostearate appeared to be the more active in producing these changes, in particular a severe intracellular fatty degeneration. Shorter-chain (C-16, C-14) metabolites of di- and tetrabromostearate were identified and the concentration of brominated fatty acids in heart, liver and adipose tissue determined and found to account for 80% of the bromine detected in these tissues by neutron activation analysis. TBS accumulated in liver while the highest concentration of DBS was observed in heart lipids. Although the concentrations of brominated acids in heart and liver lipids were comparable in rats fed BCO or BMG, BCO produced the more pronounced effects. This differential could be due to additional active components in BCO or to a variation in response associated with changes in the location of the fatty acid on the glycerol molecule.

%B Lipids %V 18 %P 327-34 %8 1983 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/BF02534710 %0 Journal Article %J Lipids %D 1982 %T Tissue fatty acid changes and tumor incidence in C3H mice ingesting cottonseed oil. %A Tinsley, I J %A Lowry, R R %K Animals %K Cottonseed Oil %K Fatty Acids %K Female %K Mammary Glands, Animal %K Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental %K Mice %K Mice, Inbred C3H %K Triglycerides %X

The incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H mice at 35 wk was higher in mice fed rations containing cottonseed oil than in mice fed fats of comparable fatty acid composition. The time to 50% (T50) incidence was also shorter in the first group. The fatty acid composition of tissue lipids from mice fed the cottonseed oil showed changes indicating the presence of cyclopropene fatty acids-higher levels of saturates and lower oleate/stearate and palmitoleate/palmitate ratios. A possible association between the development of a spontaneous mammary tumor in the C3H mouse and the presence of cyclopropene fatty acids in the cottonseed oil is indicated.

%B Lipids %V 17 %P 115-7 %8 1982 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/BF02535186