%0 Journal Article %J Sci Total Environ %D 2016 %T Passive samplers accurately predict PAH levels in resident crayfish. %A LB Paulik %A Brian W Smith %A Alan J Bergmann %A Gregory J Sower %A Norman D Forsberg %A JG Teeguarden %A Kim A Anderson %X

Contamination of resident aquatic organisms is a major concern for environmental risk assessors. However, collecting organisms to estimate risk is often prohibitively time and resource-intensive. Passive sampling accurately estimates resident organism contamination, and it saves time and resources. This study used low density polyethylene (LDPE) passive water samplers to predict polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Resident crayfish were collected at 5 sites within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund Megasite (PHSM) in the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon. LDPE deployment was spatially and temporally paired with crayfish collection. Crayfish visceral and tail tissue, as well as water-deployed LDPE, were extracted and analyzed for 62 PAHs using GC-MS/MS. Freely-dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of PAHs in water were calculated from concentrations in LDPE. Carcinogenic risks were estimated for all crayfish tissues, using benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations (BaPeq). ∑PAH were 5-20 times higher in viscera than in tails, and ∑BaPeq were 6-70 times higher in viscera than in tails. Eating only tail tissue of crayfish would therefore significantly reduce carcinogenic risk compared to also eating viscera. Additionally, PAH levels in crayfish were compared to levels in crayfish collected 10years earlier. PAH levels in crayfish were higher upriver of the PHSM and unchanged within the PHSM after the 10-year period. Finally, a linear regression model predicted levels of 34 PAHs in crayfish viscera with an associated R-squared value of 0.52 (and a correlation coefficient of 0.72), using only the Cfree PAHs in water. On average, the model predicted PAH concentrations in crayfish tissue within a factor of 2.4±1.8 of measured concentrations. This affirms that passive water sampling accurately estimates PAH contamination in crayfish. Furthermore, the strong predictive ability of this simple model suggests that it could be easily adapted to predict contamination in other shellfish of concern.

%B Sci Total Environ %V 544 %P 782-791 %8 02/2016 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.142 %0 Generic %D 2016 %T Predicting PAH contamination in resident shellfish %A LB Paulik %A Smith BW %A Bergmann AJ %A Gregory J Sower %A Norman D Forsberg %A Teeguarden JG %A Kim A Anderson %B Oregon State University Superfund Research Program External Advisory Council Meeting. Corvallis, Oregon %8 6/2016 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2015 %T Passive water sampling predicts PAH contamination in signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus %A LB Paulik %A Brian W Smith %A Alan J Bergmann %A Gregory J Sower %A Norman D Forsberg %A JG Teeguarden %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 36th Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah %8 11/2015 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2015 %T Predicting PAH Contamination in Resident Shellfish %A LB Paulik %A Brian W Smith %A Alan J Bergmann %A Gregory J Sower %A Norman D Forsberg %A JG Teeguarden %A Kim A Anderson %B Oregon State University Superfund Research Program’s Environmental Health Science Trainee Colloquium. Corvallis, OR %8 10/2015 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Toxicol Chem %D 2014 %T Passive sampling coupled to ultraviolet irradiation: a useful analytical approach for studying oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in bioavailable mixtures. %A Norman D Forsberg %A Steven G O'Connell %A Sarah E Allan %A Kim A Anderson %X

The authors investigated coupling passive sampling technologies with ultraviolet irradiation experiments to study polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and oxygenated PAH transformation processes in real-world bioavailable mixtures. Passive sampling device (PSD) extracts were obtained from coastal waters impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and Superfund sites in Portland, Oregon, USA. Oxygenated PAHs were found in the contaminated waters with our PSDs. All mixtures were subsequently exposed to a mild dose of ultraviolet B (UVB). A reduction in PAH levels and simultaneous formation of several oxygenated PAHs were measured. Site-specific differences were observed with UVB-exposed PSD mixtures.

%B Environ Toxicol Chem %V 33 %P 177-81 %8 01/2014 %G eng %N 1 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24123227?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1002/etc.2410 %0 Journal Article %J Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci %D 2014 %T Passive sampling devices enable capacity building and characterization of bioavailable pesticide along the Niger, Senegal and Bani Rivers of Africa. %A Kim A Anderson %A Seck, Dogo %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Traore, Anna Ndiaye %A McCartney, Melissa A %A Ndaye, Adama %A Norman D Forsberg %A Gregory J Sower %X

It is difficult to assess pollution in remote areas of less-developed regions owing to the limited availability of energy, equipment, technology, trained personnel and other key resources. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) are technologically simple analytical tools that sequester and concentrate bioavailable organic contaminants from the environment. Scientists from Oregon State University and the Centre Régional de Recherches en Ecotoxicologie et de Sécurité Environnementale (CERES) in Senegal developed a partnership to build capacity at CERES and to develop a pesticide-monitoring project using PSDs. This engagement resulted in the development of a dynamic training process applicable to capacity-building programmes. The project culminated in a field and laboratory study where paired PSD samples were simultaneously analysed in African and US laboratories with quality control evaluation and traceability. The joint study included sampling from 63 sites across six western African countries, generating a 9000 data point pesticide database with virtual access to all study participants.

%B Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci %V 369 %P 20130110 %8 04/2014 %G eng %N 1639 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24535398?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1098/rstb.2013.0110 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T Passive Sampling Devices Enable Capacity Building and Characterization of Bioavailable Mixtures along the Niger, Senegal and Bani Rivers of Africa %A Kim A Anderson %A Seck, Dogo %A Kevin A Hobbie %A Traore, AN %A McCartney, Melissa A %A Ndaye, A %A Norman D Forsberg %A Gregory J Sower %B Society of Toxicology 53rd Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ %8 03/2014 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Environ Sci Technol %D 2014 %T Predicting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in resident aquatic organisms using passive samplers and partial least-squares calibration. %A Norman D Forsberg %A Brian W Smith %A Gregory J Sower %A Kim A Anderson %X

The current work sought to develop predictive models between time-weighted average polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the freely dissolved phase and those present in resident aquatic organisms. We deployed semipermeable membrane passive sampling devices (SPMDs) and collected resident crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) at nine locations within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund Mega-site in Portland, OR. Study results show that crayfish and aqueous phase samples collected within the Mega-site had PAH profiles enriched in high molecular weight PAHs and that freely dissolved PAH profiles tended to be more populated by low molecular weight PAHs compared to crayfish tissues. Results also show that of several modeling approaches, a two-factor partial least-squares (PLS) calibration model using detection limit substitution provided the best predictive power for estimating PAH concentrations in crayfish, where the model explained ≥72% of the variation in the data set and provided predictions within ∼3× of measured values. Importantly, PLS calibration provided a means to estimate PAH concentrations in tissues when concentrations were below detection in the freely dissolved phase. The impact of measurements below detection limits is discussed.

%B Environ Sci Technol %V 48 %P 6291-9 %8 6/2014 %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1021/es5000534 %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2014 %T Unregulated PAHs in crayfish and passive sampling devices: Increased cancer risk estimates? %A LB Paulik %A Norman D Forsberg %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B OSU Dept. of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Research Day, Corvallis, OR %8 01/2014 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2013 %T Characterization of the relationship between concentrations of previously unregulated PAHs in aquatic organisms and lipid-free tubing passive sampling devices %A LB Paulik %A Norman D Forsberg %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Corvallis, OR %8 09/2013 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2013 %T Characterization of the relationship between concentrations of previously unregulated PAHs in aquatic organisms and lipid-free tubing passive sampling devices %A LB Paulik %A Norman D Forsberg %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B FSES External Advisory Council Meeting, Corvallis, OR %8 06/2013 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Integrating passive sampling with UV irradiation and bioassays: an approach for modeling PAH degradation and phototoxicity in bioavailable mixtures %A Elie, Marc R %A Norman D Forsberg %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B 34th Annual SETAC Meeting %8 2013 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2013 %T Passive sampling coupled to UVB irradiation: a useful analytical approach for modeling toxic oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in bioavailable mixtures %A Elie, Marc R %A Norman D Forsberg %A Sarah E Allan %A Steven G O'Connell %A Robyn L Tanguay %A Kim A Anderson %B 246th ACS National Meeting %8 2013 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2013 %T Unregulated PAHs in crayfish and passive sampling devices: Increased cancer risk estimates? %A LB Paulik %A Norman D Forsberg %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry-North America 34th Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN %8 11/2013 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J J Agric Food Chem %D 2012 %T Effect of Native American fish smoking methods on dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and possible risks to human health. %A Norman D Forsberg %A Stone, Dave %A Harding, Anna %A Harper, Barbara %A Stuart Harris %A Matzke, Melissa M %A Cardenas, Andres %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %X

Although it is known that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be found in smoked meats, little is known about their prevalence in Native American smoked fish. In this work, the effect of traditional Native American fish smoking methods on dietary exposure to PAHs and possible risks to human health has been assessed. Smoking methods considered smoking structure (tipi or shed) and wood type (apple or alder). Neither smoking structure nor wood type accounted for differences in smoked salmon content of 33 PAHs. Carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic PAH loads in traditionally smoked salmon were 40-430 times higher than those measured in commercial products. Dietary exposure to PAHs could result in excess lifetime cancer risks between 1 × 10(-5) and 1 × 10(-4) at a daily consumption rate of 5 g d(-1) and could approach 1 × 10(-2) at 300 g d(-1). Hazard indexes approached 0.005 at 5 g d(-1), or approximately 0.3 at 300 g d(-1). Levels of PAHs present in smoked salmon prepared using traditional Native American methods may pose elevated cancer risks if consumed at high consumption rates over many years.

%B J Agric Food Chem %V 60 %P 6899-906 %8 07/2012 %G eng %N 27 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22690788?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1021/jf300978m %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Effect of Native American fish smoking methods on dietary exposure to PAHs and possible risks to human health %A Norman D Forsberg %A Stone, Dave %A Harding, Anna %A Harper, Barbara %A Stuart Harris %A Matzke, Melissa M %A Cardena, Andres %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %B CTUIR Tribal-University Collaboration to Address Tribal Exposures to PAHs and Improve Community Health, Pendleton, OR %8 2012 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Engagement of Native American Tribes in the characterization of novel PAH dietary exposure pathways, assessment of possible human health risks %A Norman D Forsberg %A Stone, Dave %A Harding, Anna %A Harper, Barbara %A Stuart Harris %A Matzke, Melissa M %A Cardenas, Andres %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %X

Although it is known that legacy toxicants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can be introduced into meats via smoke curing, little is known about their prevalence in smoked salmon prepared using traditional Native American smoking techniques. This work sought to characterize the effect of traditional Native American fish smoking methods on dietary exposure to 33 legacy and emerging substituted PAHs and identify possible risks to human health. Salmon smoking events were carried out by Tribal researchers at the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation in collaboration with Oregon State University Superfund Research Program researchers. Fresh caught Chinook salmon were smoked using two commonly used smoking structures (tipi or shed) and two types of traditionally used woods (apple or alder). For the purposes of exposure pathway and risk assessment, all salmon samples were prepared as if to be eaten. Additionally, 20 non-smoked spring-run Chinook salmon were analyzed for background PAH content along with three commercially available smoked salmon. Salmon samples were subsequently analyzed for PAHs. Potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to human health were evaluated using Relative Potency Factor and Hazard Index approaches. 

Across all smoking methods, individual PAH loads ranged between < 2 – 3,800 μg/kg, where non-carcinogenic, carcinogenic, emerging, and legacy PAHs generally accounted for 95%, 5%, 20% and 80% of the total PAH load respectively. It was found that neither smoking structure nor wood type accounted for differences in smoked salmon PAH content. However, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic PAH loads in traditionally smoked salmon were 40 – 430 times higher than PAH loads measured in fresh caught non-smoked salmon and commercial smoked salmon. Exposure to the levels of carcinogenic PAHs measured in traditionally prepared smoked salmon could result in excess life-time cancer risks between 1E-5 and 1E-4 at a daily consumption rate of 5 g/d and could approach 1E-2 at 300 g/d. Exposure to non-carcinogenic PAHs could result in hazard indexes of 0.005 at 5 g/d and approach 0.3 at 300 g/d. Levels of PAHs present in smoked salmon prepared using traditional Native American methods potentially pose elevated cancer risks if consumed at high consumption rates over many years. Study results were shared with the Tribes and are currently being evaluated in order to design a culturally specific Tribal message.

%B SETAC North America 33rd Annual Conference %8 11/2012 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Engagement of Native American Tribes in the determination of legacy and emerging PAH dietary exposure scenarios, assessment of possible risks to human health %A Norman D Forsberg %A Harding, Anna %A Harper, Barbara %A Stone, Dave %A Cardenas, Andres %A Stuart Harris %A Matzke, Melissa M %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %X

Although it is known that legacy toxicants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can be introduced into meats via smoke curing, little is known about their prevalence in smoked salmon prepared using traditional Native American smoking techniques. This work sought to characterize the effect of traditional Native American fish smoking methods on dietary exposure to 33 legacy and emerging PAHs and identify possible risks to human health. Salmon smoking events were carried out by Tribal researchers at the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) in collaboration with Oregon State University Superfund Research Program (OSU SRP) researchers. Fresh caught spring-run Chinook salmon were smoked using two commonly used smoking structures (tipi or shed) and two types of traditionally used woods (apple or alder). For the purposes of exposure and risk assessment, all salmon samples were prepared as if to be eaten. Additionally, 20 non-smoked spring-run Chinook salmon were analyzed for background PAH content along with three commercially available smoked salmon. Salmon samples were subsequently analyzed for PAH content using a novel analytical approach developed and validated specifically for application in this study.

Across all smoking methods, individual PAH loads ranged between < 2 – 3,800 μg/kg, where non-carcinogenic, carcinogenic, emerging, and legacy PAHs generally accounted for 95%, 5%, 20% and 80% of the total PAH load respectively. It was found that neither smoking structure nor wood type accounted for differences in smoked salmon content of 33 PAHs. However, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic PAH loads in traditionally smoked salmon were 40 – 430 times higher than PAH loads measured in fresh caught non-smoked salmon and commercial smoked salmon. Exposure to the levels of carcinogenic PAHs measured in traditionally prepared smoked salmon could result in excess life-time cancer risks between 1E-5 and 1E-4 at a daily consumption rate of 5 g/d and could approach 1E-2 at 300 g/d. Exposure to non-carcinogenic PAHs could result in hazard indexes of 0.005 at 5 g/d and approach 0.3 at 300 g/d. Levels of PAHs present in smoked salmon prepared using traditional Native American methods potentially pose elevated cancer risks if consumed at high consumption rates over many years.

During the course of this study, the OSU SRP Community Engagement Core partnered with CTUIR to develop and publish a unique Material and Data sharing agreement. In accordance with the agreement, study findings were formally presented to CTUIR members and researchers on two separate occasions; once in Portland, Oregon at the Food Innovation Center and again in Pendleton, OR to the CTUIR advisory committee. Engagement of the CTUIR led to rich discussions which ultimately resulted in the development and submission of a joint publication for peer review with the American Chemical Society. Study results are currently being evaluated in order to design a culturally specific message for the Tribes.

%B Connecting Research and Practice: A Dialogue Between ATSDR and the NIEHS Superfund Research Program %8 2012 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2012 %T Evaluating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure from traditional Native American food smoking practices %A Cardenas, Andres %A Harding, Anna %A Stuart Harris %A Staci M Simonich %A Kim A Anderson %A Harper, Barbara %A Stone, Dave %A Jai, Y %A Motorkyn, O %A Sandra Uesugi %A Norman D Forsberg %A Sudakin, Dan %B National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Core Centers Meeting, Boston, MA %8 2012 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Informing communities – a collaborative investigation of Native American PAH dietary exposure scenarios and possible risks to human health %A Norman D Forsberg %A Harding, Anna %A Stone, Dave %A Harper, Barbara %A Stuart Harris %A Matzke, Melissa M %A Cardenas, Andres %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %X

This work sought to characterize the effect of traditional Native American fish smoking methods on dietary exposure to PAHs and identify possible risks to human health. To this end, fresh spring-run Chinook salmon were purchased from Tribal fisherman and smoked using two commonly used smoking structures (tipi or shed) and two types of traditionally used woods (apple or alder). Salmon smoking events were carried out by Tribal researchers at the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) in collaboration with Oregon State University Superfund Research Program (OSU SRP) researchers. For the purposes of exposure and risk assessment, all salmon samples were prepared as if to be eaten. Additionally, 20 non-smoked spring-run Chinook salmon were analyzed for background PAH content along with three commercially available smoked salmon.

Across all smoking methods, individual PAH loads ranged between < 2 – 3,800 μg/kg, where non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 90% and 10% of the total PAH load respectively. It was found that neither smoking structure nor wood type accounted for differences in smoked salmon PAH content. However, PAH loads in traditionally smoked salmon were 40 – 430 times higher than PAH loads measured in fresh caught non-smoked salmon and commercial smoked salmon. Exposure to levels of carcinogenic PAHs measured in traditionally prepared smoked salmon could result in excess lifetime cancer risks between 1E-5 and 1E-4 at a daily consumption rate of 5 g/d and could approach 1E-2 at 300 g/d. Exposure to non-carcinogenic PAHs could result in hazard indexes of 0.005 at 5 g/d and approach 0.3 at 300 g/d. PAH levels present in smoked salmon prepared using traditional Native American methods potentially pose elevated cancer risks if consumed at high consumption rates over many years.

Study results are currently being evaluated in order to design a culturally specific message for the Tribes.

%B The 25th Annual Meeting of the Superfund Research Program %8 2012 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2012 %T Legacy pollutant levels in crayfish compared to passive sampling devices: Determination of correlations and development of bioaccumulation models %A Norman D Forsberg %A Gregory J Sower %A Brian W Smith %A Kim A Anderson %X

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic compounds that continue to drive risk management efforts. In order to characterize exposure pathways and assess human health risks associated with consumption of contaminated resident fish, regulatory agencies conventionally analyze homogenized fish tissue samples for PAHs and PCBs. However, obtaining fish for analysis is challenging, the analysis is destructive, and the analysis offers limited spatial and temporal information due in part to biological and physiological variability. For these reasons, an alternative tool capable of accurately predicting fish tissue contaminant levels would be useful to regulatory agencies and risk managers.

Passive sampling devices (PSDs) sample the bioavailable fraction of chemicals, are readily available in large numbers, provide a non-destructive sampling method, yield simpler chemicals analyses, and are capable of identifying spatial and temporal contamination patterns. We hypothesize that PSDs are capable of providing site-independent predictions of chemical load in aquatic tissues with useful accuracy. To test this, PSDs were deployed in the water column at 8 different sites within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund Megasite for 24 days. Simultaneously, nearly 100 resident crayfish were collected. Sites selected for PSD and crayfish sampling represented a wide range of PAH and PCB concentrations. PSDs and crayfish were then analyzed for 16 priority pollutant PAHs and 32 dioxin and non-dioxin like PCB congeners using a novel analytical method. Presented results will include regression analyses on total contaminant loads (ΣPAH + PCBs), chemical class specific loads (ΣPAHs, ΣPCBs), and individual contaminant of concern loads. Additionally, we will determine PSD-crayfish specific bioaccumulation factors (BAFPSD-CF) for a wide suite of contaminants of concern. PAH and PCB PSD loads will subsequently be used as surrogates for crayfish and used to generate human health risk estimates. Estimates will then be compared to risk results reported in the Portland Harbor Public health assessment for consumption of impacted resident crayfish. Results from this study will help identify novel PSD applications that could provide useful information to regulators and risk managers.

%B SETAC North American 33rd Annual National Conference %8 11/2012 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Oregon State University Diversity Advancement Pipeline Fellowship %A Norman D Forsberg %8 2012 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Pilot Study Using LFT to Assess Bioavailable PAHs During Tradtional Fish Smoking %A Lane G Tidwell %A Norman D Forsberg %A Kim A Anderson %B CTUIR Tribal-University Collaboration to Address Tribal Exposures to PAHs and Improve Community Health, Pendleton, OR %8 04/2012 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2012 %T Preserving the Environment and Toxicity Linkage by Combining Passive Sampling Technologies with Environmental Stressors to Identify Unknown Toxicants %A Norman D Forsberg %A Steven G O'Connell %A Kim A Anderson %X

Regulatory agencies are required to mitigate human and ecological exposure to toxic chemicals of concern. In order to meet this demand, chemical drivers of toxicity and accurate exposure pathways must be identified. Though mixtures are complex systems, it has been postulated that the bioavailable fraction of mixtures is linked to toxicity. Applying additional stressors to chemical mixtures will likely transform the composition of the bioavailable fraction and induce differential toxicological responses. In order to more accurately characterize exposure, regulatory agencies need experimental approaches that can determine the effect of natural/remediation processes on the bioavailable fraction of chemical mixtures and mixture toxicity.

Passive sampling devices (PSDs) readily sequester the bioavailable fraction of environmentally relevant mixtures, which includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We hypothesized that perturbations of PSD extracts via UV light exposure could reduce concentrations of PAHs and simultaneously increase concentrations of currently unmonitored oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs). PSD samples collected from the Portland Harbor Superfund Megasite and the waters of the Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster were exposed to UV light (λ = 313 nm) for 30 minutes at an irradiance roughly 30-40 times greater than a single sunny day in Northern US cities. Along with PSD samples, 1 ppm standard mixtures of 16 EPA priority pollutant PAHs were also exposed. PAHs and 22 oxy-PAHs were quantified in pre- and post-UV exposed samples using a recently expanded and validated GC-MS analytical method. It was found that the concentration of nearly half of the monitored PAHs were significantly reduced in standard mixtures following UV exposure, while levels of 9,10-anthraquinone and 7,12-benz[a]anthracenequinone were increased by roughly an order of magnitude relative to controls. Similar results were observed in environmentally relevant PSD samples. Combining PSD technology with other environmental stressors could provide a powerful approach for identifying emerging chemicals of concern, accurate exposure pathways, and chemical drivers of toxicity.

%B SETAC North America 33rd Annual National Conference %8 11/2012 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2012 %T Two Applications of an Innovative Air Sampling Technology to Address Community-based Environmental Exposures to Legacy and Emerging PAHs %A Lane G Tidwell %A Glenn R Wilson %A Norman D Forsberg %A Jamie Donatuto %A Stuart Harris %A Kim A Anderson %X

Although communities often want and need chemical monitoring data to characterize chemicals in their environment or from their activities, air monitoring equipment is often cost prohibitive or technically impractical. We are further developing air monitoring bio-analytical tools that employ our passive sampling device (PSD). PSDs require no external power, require minimal training for quality controlled sampling, and can be quickly and inexpensively deployed. PSDs are capable of providing qualitative and quantitative characterization of exposure to the bioavailable vapor phase fraction of legacy and emerging contaminants in the atmosphere. We demonstrate our PSD’s utility in two different scenarios; at the interface of community tribal lands and high intensity industrial activities, and in Native American fish smoking activities.  Legacy and emerging PAHs were characterized for both scenarios.

Communities adjacent to highly industrialized lands often want to understand the contribution of contaminants of concern from industrial activities to their ambient activities.  The Swinomish Indian Tribal Community (SITC) offered their lands to further test our developing air PSD technology and to address these kinds of questions.  PSD were deployed at SITC, which borders a petroleum facility, for a yearlong study, from these PSD samples legacy and emerging PAHs were identified and quantified.  The results indicate spatial and temporal trends that were related to the activities of the tribal community and the petroleum facility. 

While PSDs have been demonstrated as a surrogate of fish for aquatic environment assessment, atmospheric PSDs have not been previously used as a surrogate of food for preparation technique assessment.  Community-based requests often include understanding the effects of special food preparations that are culturally important.  The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) requested an assessment of their fish smoking methods.  As part of a larger study, we deployed air PSDs during the CTUIR smoking events to further evaluate the utility of using our PSD as a surrogate of smoke-processed fish.  In a side-by-side study the PSDs were paired with salmon during smoking.  PAHs were quantified from the air PSD and compared with the smoked salmon.  The results show excellent promise for an alternative method for assessing food smoking preparation techniques.

%B SETAC 33rd North American Annual Meeting %8 11/2012 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2011 %T Assessment of PAHs in Traditionally Prepared Native American Smoked Salmon %A Norman D Forsberg %A Stone, Dave %A Harding, Anna %A Harper, Barbara %A Stuart Harris %A Matzke, Melissa M %A Cardena, Andres %A Katrina M Waters %A Kim A Anderson %B Superfund Research Program-Tribal Collaboration Meeting, Portland, OR %8 11/2011 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J J Agric Food Chem %D 2011 %T Determination of parent and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-fat salmon using a modified QuEChERS extraction, dispersive SPE and GC-MS. %A Norman D Forsberg %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %K Animals %K Fats %K Food Contamination %K Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry %K Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic %K Salmon %K Seafood %K Solid Phase Extraction %X

A fast and easy modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, rugged and safe) extraction method has been developed and validated for determination of 33 parent and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in high-fat smoked salmon that greatly enhances analyte recovery compared to traditional QuEChERS procedures. Sample processing includes extraction of PAHs into a solution of ethyl acetate, acetone and isooctane followed by cleanup with dispersive SPE and analysis by GC-MS in SIM mode. Method performance was assessed in spike recovery experiments (500 μg/g wet weight) in three commercially available smoked salmon with 3-11% fat. Recoveries of some 2-, 3- and 5-ring PAHs were improved 50-200% over traditional methods, while average recovery across all PAHs was improved 67%. Method precision was good with replicate extractions typically yielding relative standard deviations <10%, and detection limits were in the low ng/g range. With this method, a single analyst could extract and clean up ≥60 samples for PAH analysis in an 8 h work day.

%B J Agric Food Chem %V 59 %P 8108-16 %8 08/2011 %G eng %N 15 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21732651?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1021/jf201745a %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2011 %T Development of modified QuEChERS extraction methods for the analysis of PAHs in high fat content fish and smoked salmon %A Norman D Forsberg %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B Superfund External Advisory Council Meeting %8 2011 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2011 %T Development of modified QuEChERS extraction methods for the analysis of PAHs in high fat content fish and smoked salmon %A Norman D Forsberg %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B SETAC North America 32nd Annual Conference %8 11/2011 %G eng %0 Audiovisual Material %D 2011 %T Metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic studies suggest that the DAP biomarkers may lead to overestimates of organophosphate pesticide exposure %A Norman D Forsberg %A Rodriguez-Proteau, R %A Ma, L %A Morré, J %A Christensen, J M %A Maier, C S %A Jeffrey J Jenkins %A Kim A Anderson %B ASMS %8 2011 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2011 %T Minority Student Travel Award %A Norman D Forsberg %B SETAC 32nd annual national meeting, Boston, MA %8 2011 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Xenobiotica %D 2011 %T Organophosphorus pesticide degradation product in vitro metabolic stability and time-course uptake and elimination in rats following oral and intravenous dosing. %A Norman D Forsberg %A Rodriguez-Proteau, R %A Ma, L %A Morré, J %A Christensen, J M %A Maier, C S %A Jeffrey J Jenkins %A Kim A Anderson %K Administration, Oral %K Animals %K Environmental Monitoring %K Humans %K Injections, Intravenous %K Male %K Mass Spectrometry %K Organophosphorus Compounds %K Pesticides %K Rats %K Rats, Sprague-Dawley %K Time Factors %X

Levels of urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are currently used as a biomarker of human exposure to organophosphorus insecticides (OPs). It is known that OPs degrade on food commodities to DAPs at levels that approach or exceed those of the parent OP. However, little has been reported on the extent of DAP absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The metabolic stability of O,O-dimethylphosphate (DMP) was assessed using pooled human and rat hepatic microsomes. Time-course samples were collected over 2 h and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. It was found that DMP was not metabolized by rat or pooled human hepatic microsomes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered DMP at 20 mg kg(-1) via oral gavage and i.v. injection. Time-course plasma and urine samples were collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. DMP oral bioavailability was found to be 107 ± 39% and the amount of orally administered dose recovered in the urine was 30 ± 9.9% by 48 h. The in vitro metabolic stability, high bioavailability and extent of DMP urinary excretion following oral exposure in a rat model suggests that measurement of DMP as a biomarker of OP exposure may lead to overestimation of human exposure.

%B Xenobiotica %V 41 %P 422-9 %8 05/2011 %G eng %N 5 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21446834?dopt=Abstract %R 10.3109/00498254.2010.550656 %0 Generic %D 2010 %T Evidence that the DAP biomarker may lead to overestimates of organophosphate pesticide exposure %A Norman D Forsberg %A Rodriguez-Proteau, R %A Maier, C S %A Jeffrey J Jenkins %A Morré, J %A Glenn R Wilson %A Kim A Anderson %B platform presentation, 239th American Chemical Society conference %8 03/2010 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2010 %T Graduate Student Poster Award (placed 2nd out of 30 participants) %A Norman D Forsberg %B Oregon State University annual research day %8 2010 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2010 %T In vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that measurement of urinary dialkylphosphates may lead to overestimates of human OP pesticide exposure %A Norman D Forsberg %A Rodriguez-Proteau, R %A Christensen, J M %A Maier, C S %A Jeffrey J Jenkins %A Kim A Anderson %B platform presentation, SETAC 2010 %8 2010 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2008 %T National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Training Fellowship %A Norman D Forsberg %B 2008-2010 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2006 %T California Alliance for Minority Participation Fellowship %A Norman D Forsberg %B 2006-2007 %G eng